Books published by BAR Publishing

Two of Sir Cyril's notebooks describing minor earthworks of the Welsh Marches and visits to four Welsh museums, with two other unpublished papersMost of Sir Cyril Fox's papers are held in the National Museum of Wales, but two notebooks, which form the bulk of this volume, have a curious history. The first, which covers the years October 1927 to July 1930, contains a variety of material, but significantly it included his notes on a number of dykes and other features close to or associated with Offa's Dyke which he was surveying at the time. The second, relating only to the summer of 1932, was limited to his surveys of six groups of short dykes, with an endpiece on Wigmore Castle. After 1932, Fox lost interest in these shorter dykes and passed the two notebooks to Noel Jerman, who retained them until in turn passing them on to the Offa's Dyke project at the Extra-Mural Department of Manchester University in the 1980s: they are eventually to be deposited in the National Museum of Wales. The first notebook contained a few other papers. The most interesting is a part transcript of an impromptu lecture that Fox gave to Miss L. F. Chitty on the way down from the Kerry Ridgeway. To this collection the author has added an unpublished note of Fox's describing an excavation he made at Tallard's Marsh, near Chepstow, which he believed to be the southern extremity of Offa's Dyke. The editors' intention has been to reproduce this material, with an expansion of Fox's sometimes difficult abbreviations, and add comparative reports from a date as near as possible to Fox's own, with illustrative aerial photographs, where they could be obtained.

In this volume, the author examines the woodland banking in the parish of Cudham on the North Downs (to the south of the Greater London region) to establish the phases of expansion and contraction of the woodlands in the Medieval period. An anomaly was evident between the Domesday Book reference suggesting extensive ploughlands and a post-Medieval reference suggesting extensive woodlands. Synthesis of the evidence from a sampling survey of the banking, the place-name evidence and from documentary sources suggested changes in the land use and settlement patterns, with the woodlands consistently prominent through all periods. The extant banking is thought to relate to the earliest Medieval settlement of the parish, which probably took the form of bounded estates. Their later use as woodland banks has preserved them in the landscape. Early Medieval use of the landscape for transhumant pasturing, followed by a dispersed settlement in the woodlands, led to a limited, arable, open field system in the later Medieval period. Non-manorial land tenure was characterised by renting, indicating the ability to generate income through the sale of surplus woodland products. The post-Medieval period is characterised by privately-owned woodland compartments. The conclusion is drawn that, over time, Cudham has been maintained as a specialised, woodland resource-producing area in the hinterland of London.

Recent research suggests that the earliest human occupation of the British Isles stretches back to before 500,000 years ago, whilst anatomically modern humans do not appear to have arrived in Europe before approximately 50-40,000 years ago. During the intervening period, of perhaps half a million years, referred to as the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, archaic species of human were at least sporadically present in southern England. Few actual hominid fossils have survived, but there are plenty of other enduring traces of human presence.This book presents the results of an investigation of stone artefacts from southern England, which date to the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, with particular reference to assemblages from 2 sites at high levels in the landscape. This book aims to show that aspects of cultural adaptation in European archaic humans can be investigated using the evidence of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic stone artefacts.In addition, the book is devoted to the specific question of how best to understand Palaeolithic artefacts preserved within deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints. The contents of the volume includes a review of approaches to the study of stone artefacts produced as a result of handaxe-making, and then presents a study of an experimentally produced handaxe and associated waste products from its manufacture. This, in turn, forms the basis for the methodology of artefact recording which was applied to the Wood Hill Palaeolithic assemblage from Kent. Analyses of the Wood Hill assemblage are presented in Chapter Three and Chapter Four. In Chapter Five, the themes of handaxe functional efficiency and knapping skill development, which developed from the study of the Wood Hill assemblage, are investigated with interesting results regarding handaxe morphological variability. Chapter Six presents the results of investigations (including field-survey) at the site of Dickett's Field in Hampshire. In Chapter Seven, observations and experiments to investigate the ways in which flint artefacts weather are discussed, The discussion and conclusions chapter (Chapter Eight) comprises a final synthesis of the evidence presented. This work represents the first dedicated modern study of Palaeolithic assemblages from sites on deposits mapped as Clay-with-flints and provides plenty of food for thought. Excitingly, many of the themes touched upon now require further investigation and development. In the accompanying downloadable video, the author provides the commentary for a demonstration of butchery techniques using flint tools, showing the effectiveness of various shapes and sizes of cutting implements.

The detailed estimation of the original live size of faunal specimens from archaeological assemblage provides a particularly useful, though generally under-employed, tool for zooarchaeological analysis. Though a variety of methods have been employed in the generation of such size estimations, statistical regression provides perhaps the most accurate estimations of the original live length and weight of fish specimens found in archaeological contexts. Such estimations are useful for the reconstruction of diet and the investigation of past environments. Furthermore, detailed size estimations can contribute to a refinement of other methods of faunal quantification, such as the calculation of minimum numbers of individuals (MNI). Statistical regression was applied to the comparison of skeletal element size and the live length and weight of six fish taxa: Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), Greenling (Hexagrammos sp.), Rockfish (Sebastes sp.), and Irish Lords (Hemilepidotus sp.). For each taxon, a selection of skeletal elements were measured from comparative specimens and these data sets used to generate regression formulae which compared the known live length and weight to specific skeletal element measurements. This resulted in the creation of a easily applicable tool for the estimation of the live size and weight of skeletal specimens from archaeological contexts. This methodology was tested in the context of a case study involving the analysis of fish remains from five archaeological sites in the Aleutian archipelago. Specifically, this included two sites on Adak island, a single site on Buldir island, and two sites on Shemya Island, providing a sample that spans the central and western parts of the Aleutian chain. In the assessment of the relative contributions of the taxa under consideration to the diet of the prehistoric inhabitants of these sites, the regression approach was shown to produce superior results to those obtained through traditional meat weight calculations. The results of this analysis also provide insight into temporal changes in the local environment and ecology.

This volume is concerned with the monumental stone inscriptions from Spain and Gaul during the period from 300 to 750 AD, and therefore the vast majority of these inscriptions are Christian and Latin in origin, with a few Jewish and Greek ones as well. Inscriptions make up the largest body of surviving written material from this period, but this is a relatively ignored area of research. This study attempts to use this large body of evidence in order to better understand the cultural, social and religious history of these regions during the period in question. Handley begins by introducing Christian epigraphy and places the relevant Gallic and Spanish material in the context of the Latin West. He also discusses the ideas held about death and funerary inscriptions that were held in this period, and he is interested in the changes that occurred after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, as well as what happened after the fall of the Empire itself. Methods of the creation of these inscriptions is discussed, and Handley looks at literary sources as well as physical evidence, with the pattern emerging of workshops creating inscriptions from largely pre-prepared stones and written models. The usage of inscriptions is another important question, and the evidence points towards inscriptions being mainly reserved for the higher classes and social élite. Handley also divides up all of the burials that have inscriptions into an analysis of different ages and genders; for example, he discusses the ratios of male to female inscriptions, as well as family commemorations. This enables the study to look at when women or the elderly were most likely to be commemorated with an inscription. Handley also looks at what demographic information these inscriptions can give us, with analysis of aspects such as average life expectancy, marriage age, seasonal fertility and seasonal mortality being collected. A large number of inscriptions also record the actual day of death, and this gives a large amount of information on the pagan names of the days and their continued usage, Christian names of days, as well as information on the use, and later development from, the Roman calendar system. These inscriptions also give information on the cults of saints in Gaul and Spain, and go into detail on the cult of St Martin of Tours, also discussing Spanish evidence for martyr cults, inscriptions in the town of Vienne, as well as pilgrim graffiti from Gaul and Spain. The study goes on to look at literacy levels during this period and discusses how much information these inscriptions can give us to determine this, and also covers other questions that this raises. In his conclusion Handley looks at the end of the practice of epigraphic inscriptions in Gaul and Spain during this period, with changes in commemoration practices, and in society in general, leading to a decline in the amount of inscriptions being made on tombstones. Inscriptions of these kind in the period in question are of importance because the epitaph that was placed on the stone became the 'embodiment' of the deceased and was a focus for mourning. The characteristics of the deceased were placed there on the stone, so the inscription therefore represented the dead. These inscriptions represented the social élite in the way that they wished to appear, and their very presence was a status symbol. This book opens up our eyes to the wealth of information that can be gained from such a large pool of information that these inscriptions represent.

This is a highly unusual and particularly interesting BAR which is very atypical in terms of its content and form from many of our other titles. This study deals with Ethnoarchaeology, which is the study of material culture in present-day contexts, not with regards to another field, but with respect to the material culture of archaeologists themselves. This is therefore as the title plainly states, an Ethnography of Archaeology, and in the author's own words this study: 'takes an outside perspective looking in rather than an inside perspective looking out.' The author carries out a detailed analysis of the various practices and material cultures of archaeological fieldwork, looking at certain skills, traditions, tools and other objects which become part of common everyday use on a dig, and he goes on to look further at the meaning and symbolism of these practices and objects. Edgeworth compares the act of archaeological excavation to a 'traditional craft process', for by all definitions of the word it is indeed a craft. He then goes on to discuss a typology of the related tools of the this 'craft', splitting them up into two categories, those related to actually digging into the ground, e.g. spades, trowels, pick-axes...and those related to measuring and recording, e.g. pens, pencils etc. Furthermore there are many associated formal methods of dealing with archaeological features, involving either removing objects (material transactions) or making recordings (inscriptions). One object of particular ritual and hierarchical importance is the trowel, which is shown to be a very personal item of equipment that can often even be a status symbol (for instance a well-worn trowel indicates experience, a position akin to that of a sort of tribal elder within the dig). The technique of an archaeologist is also discussed, with it being likened to a learned skill that can be passed on to other, less experienced members of the social group on the dig. However, there are other, less material, aspects discussed in this thesis, as the social transactions on the dig are of considerable significance. With all participants carrying out the same actions there will be a general shared feeling of intent or purpose, common goals and interests, a shared unfolding of the dig, as well as similar skills and abilities derived from shared cultural experiences. The author carries out extensive ethnographic interviews in order to gauge the thought processes and general method of operating an archaeologist generally goes through when digging. The way archaeologists recognise certain features is of particular interest here as the learned and inherent skills and abilities which are usually taken for granted are illustrated.

This work examines small mammal faunas from cave sites in southwest England and Wales. Its three main objectives are to investigate the rapid environmental changes taking place in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene periods; to understand the processes by which small mammal remains were deposited in the cave sites examined; and to demonstrate the value of small mammals studies as an archaeological tool. All identifiable mammal remains from 12 selected sites are listed. 10 of the locations are new material. An examination of possible agents of accumulation is provided for each site to identify any bias introduced by prey selection. Reconstructions of the environments local to each cave at the time of deposition are offered. The evidence provided by the small mammals is related to the archaeological findings from each cave, to demonstrate the effect of human habitation of cave sites on the depositional and post-depositional processes shown by the microfauna. The environmental evidence provided by the study reflects a wider landscape rather than merely the immediate surroundings of the cave, and so gives a basis for human exploitation patterns in the area accessible from the cave. Reconstructions of the ecological mosaics formed by the rapidly changing climate of the period and the topographic variation around the cave sites are provided, demonstrating the potential complexity of the environment in which the humans and other fauna of the period existed. This is intended to encourage archaeologists to look beyond the general division of environmental boundaries in this period, and to examine the local variation in habitat availability and use.

Functional Analysis has become firmly established as a methodology of archaeological research and is seen to play a crucial role in the disciplinary advance of archaeology. This present volume developed from the 1st Conference on Functional Analysis in Spain and Portugal, held in Barcelona at the end of 2001. The 29 papers focus on various aspects of prehistoric activity in the Iberian Peninsular. The first section of the book is dedicated to theory and methodology; the second part concentrates on new methodological advances, and the third concentrates on specific hunter-gatherer sites from different archaeological periods.

This book analyses the 'local pottery' tradition of Roman Dacia. (In the summer of 106 AD a part of Dacia - today Romania - became a Roman province.) Taking wheel- and hand-made products, the author investigates only that pottery which clearly derives from the classic Dacian Late Iron Age, and under 'local pottery' includes the terms 'local tradition', 'native', and 'indigenous pottery'. The work contains a repertory of wholly native pottery found in Roman Dacia, as well as a list of sites.

Aberglasney comprises a substantial house, outbuildings walled gardens, wooded areas, and a Yew tunnel. It is situated in the Tywi valley in the Parish of Llangathen in Carmarthenshire. The Aberglasney Restoration Trust was established in 1994 to save these remains, which were in an advanced state of decay, and eventually open the gardens to the public. Archaeological involvement was required since the house and gardens were about to undergo a major scheme of restoration. The excavations aimed to remove later landscaping levels to reveal the layout of the 17th and 18th century gardens and findings confirmed that occupation started in the late 15th century, and that an extensive formal garden was laid out during the first half of the 17th century. Kevin Blockley's report provides a fascinating account of the work undertaken under the control of John Trefor, BBC Wales produced a four-part programme in 1999 entitled Aberglasney: A Garden Lost in Time. This present volume makes a valuable companion to the series.Written by Kevin Blockley and Ian Halfpenney.With contributions from John Carrott, Edward Besly, Martin Bridge, Paul Courtney, Phil Evans, Allan Hall, Michael Ibbotson, Su Johnson, Frances Large, Daniel Miles, Nigel Nayling, Mark Redknap, William Wilkins and Darren Worthy.Illustrations by Attila Csaba.

Technological variability between north-eastern sites and Sierra de Atapuerca sites

with English summary

This ambitious study aims to explore the decision-making processes of Neanderthals when making and selecting tools, from selecting the raw material to the finished tool and its use.

The adaptive re-use of English monastic buildings in the second half of the 16th century has been relatively little studied. With a few notable exceptions, it has been generally assumed that most former monastic sites were simply plundered for their building materials. Two new approaches suggest that frequently this was not so. First, by examining in detail all the monastic houses of a single county - in this case Hertfordshire - which survived until the Dissolution, and, secondly, by treating the surviving architectural evidence as a primary source, it can be shown that much medieval fabric is, in fact, incorporated in later houses on monastic sites, even when this is not readily apparent. Coupled with contemporary documentary records and later antiquarian accounts, this structural analysis allows a reconstruction to be made of the processes of re-use in the half-century after the Dissolution. The author features 13 detailed case studies of important properties.

A study of the representation of theatre structures on Italian painted ceramics of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, focusing in particular on the regions of Apulia, Campania, Lucania, Paestum and Sicily.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 4The 11 papers in this volume derive from a series of seminars under the aegis of the Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology. The result is an attempt to broaden the debate and discuss the many problems that face archaeologists in the area of ethics today. It also aims to theorize some of the terms that have tended to be taken for granted in previous discussions. Many people engage with ethical issues in their everyday lives, including within their roles as archaeologists, but this thoughtful critical practice perhaps does not always become articulated in published form.

Just how sanitary were cities in North America in the late 19th century? The period was a time of great change in urban sanitary regulations and awareness of public health generally. At the Îlot Hunt site in Québec City, domestic and commercial establishments were investigated and archaeoentomological samples analyzed from two latrines, a drain, and an abandoned well. In total 6755 insects were identified from 48 levels. Through a multidisciplinary contextual analysis, a new view of public health in late nineteenth-century Québec City has been accessed, indicating the value of this approach in historical archaeology. Appendix C features a 12-page, complete listing of all the insect remains recovered from the site.

The seven chapters in this volume were delivered at a cycle of lectures presented (at the Winckelmann-Institut der Humboldt-Universität) in Berlin over the winter of 1998/99. Concentrating on the Roman era, four contributions focus on the impact of Roman settlement in the 'Northwestern Provinces' (Britain, Germany, Gaul, and the Low Countries), and three discuss aspects of Roman life in the Danube Provinces (Moesia/Lower Danube, Apulum/Alba Iulia, and Caracalla/Dacia.).

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fifth Annual Meeting in Bournemouth 1999The European Association of Archaeology arranged its fifth annual meeting in September 1999 in Bournemouth, England. One of the sessions was entitled "Archaeology and Buildings", and this volume covers the papers presented at it. The topic includes studies on buildings and the built environment, irrespective of age, material, or object function. The nine papers take us from County Limerick to the Orient, and over time from the fifth millennium BC up to the 20th century. They relate to the topic in general terms and from different points of view. Problems on theory, practical works, and cultural heritage management were all considered. Questions with regard to function and development of single objects were also discussed, as well as how buildings can mirror changes, or societal circumstances related to political, social, economic and/or ideological matters. Illustrated throughout with photographs, maps, line drawings, and plans.

Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean, slightly smaller than Sicily but with a longer coastline. In contrast to Sicily's obvious 'crossroads' position, the recent debate on the relative 'isolation' of Sardinia is analyzed in Robert Rowland's fascinating and accessible 'archaeological history' of the island, spanning the Prehistoric era of dolmens, menhirs and the Nuragic Civilization, to later Medieval times and Pope Boniface's creation of the joint Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica in 1297. Chapter 1 includes a detailed island setting, and a feature of each chapter is the author's use of paragraph keyword-headings throughout for quick references.

The wish of the editors was to bring together a number of individuals who had worked on evidence for the late Roman transition in north Britain in order to compare results, and to attempt to identify common ground, differences, and potential approaches for future research. In order to cover a range of views on the subject, the speakers included excavators (Ferris, Jones, Wilmott and Wilson), specialists in the areas of finds, ceramics, and environmental studies (Cool, Evans, Huntley and Stallibrass), and academics with a specialist interest in the late Roman transition (Dark and Esmonde-Cleary). The area studied is bisected by a national boundary, on each side of which archaeological agendas with different emphases are pursued, and the subject has been seen either as the end of the concern of the Romanist or the beginning of the concern of the medievalist. It is only in relatively recent years that the transition has been recognised widely as a separate study in its own right for which it is necessary to deploy evidence from a great variety of specialisms. As the papers presented here largely represent summaries of work in progress or overviews of work to date they are intended to provoke debate and hopefully act as a springboard for new work, both by the authors and others. Contents include: Transforming an Elite: Reinterpreting Late Roman Binchester by Iain Ferris and Rick Jones; The late Roman transition at Birdoswald and on Hadrian's Wall by Tony Wilmott; Cataractonium (Catterick): The end of a Roman town? by Pete Wilson; Coin Supply in the North in the late Roman period by R J Brickstock; The End of Roman Pottery in the North by Jeremy Evans; The parts left over: material culture into the fifth century by H E M Cool; Late Roman Transition in the North: the Palynological Evidence by Jacqueline P Huntley; How little we know, and how much there is to learn: what can animal and human bones tell us about the late Roman transition in northern England? by Sue Stallibrass; The Late Roman Transition in the North: a discussion Ken Dark; Summing Up by Simon Esmonde Cleary.

The book explores what has happened to the Hadrian Wall in the post-Roman period; it examines the various types of buildings and structures that have re-used the Wall stone in their fabric, place-name evidence, ancient maps, estate deeds and plans, antiquarian writers and travelers as well as modern archaeological research.

Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project Excavations of the Polish Center of Archaeology, University of WarsawReport on Polish excavations on Tell Rijim on the western bank of the Tigris. Middle Bronze Age layers are reported: architecture, with two houses, pottery kiln and various other structures; pottery is examined in detail with chapters on fabric, forms and decoration with a comprehensive catalogue; other small finds are described as well. The first structures date from the 18th century BC and belonged to an irregularly planned open village which, in 1600 BC underwent a decided transformation, with fortifications and a deep ravine, although the settlement itself remained small and was certainly not an administrative centre. It seems that the later settlement was a dimtu settlement, which, if true, would make Tell Rijim the oldest such settlement known from the archaeological record.

This book deals with the post-glacial Stone-Age human inhabitants who were populating the Milfield basin in today's Northumberland, and the evolution of land-use, settlement, ideology and the changing nature of people's relationship with the natural world. A wide range of methodologies and fieldwork projects have been employed. The result is a contribution to archaeological knowledge by way of new fieldwork practices, the development of an interpretative scheme for fieldwalking lithic data and the construction of a detailed synthesis for the Milfield area.

Este trabajo de investigación fundamenta su estudio en el interés por conocer las características biológicas de los individuos inhumados en los diferentes tipos de estructuras funerarias y el ritual que estos recibieron, según los datos arqueológicos que proporcionan los diferentes yacimientos con contextos funerarios de la Campiña Litoral y Banda Atlántica de Cádiz durante la Prehistoria reciente. Por tanto, se trata de un estudio donde, por una parte se comparan yacimientos desde el punto de vista arqueológico, centrándonos en las estructuras funerarias y sus ajuares; y por otra, desde una perspectiva bioantropológica se analizan los restos óseos con la finalidad de recoger datos sobre las características de las poblaciones, sus patologías, variantes anatómicas, etc. El resultado final es un análisis integral en el que se relacionan estos datos biológicos con los aspectos culturales propios de su contexto histórico.This research work is based on the importance of knowing the biological characteristics of the individuals buried in various types of funerary structures and the ritual they received, according to the archaeological data that the different deposits have provided in funerary contexts of the Campiña Litoral and Atlantic band of Cadiz during recent prehistory. Therefore, it is a study in which, on the one hand, the deposits are compared from an archaeological point of view, focusing on the funerary structures and their associated grave goods; on the other hand, the skeletal remains have been analysed from a bioanthropological perspective, in order to collect data on the characteristics of the populations, their pathologies, anatomical variants, etc. The end result is an integrated analysis in which these biological data are considered in relation to the cultural data for their historical context.

Valencian castles have been studied from very different approaches, and to greater or lesser degrees. This has allowed scholars to better understand their history and morphology, the materials used in their construction and their pathologies, as well as other aspects related to the people who occupied them at different times in history. Furthermore, multiple interventions have been carried out in order to improve their condition and recover them for cultural, social and tourist uses. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of analysis of how fortifications are managed. This research focuses on cultural heritage management, and especially how castles are managed, in the province of Alicante (Spain). To do this, a qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interviews with specialists have been employed. This project shows the results of research applied to 42 fortifications, owned by several municipalities of the province of Alicante.

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology at Oxford Conferences 2015-2016This volume brings together two Graduate Archaeology at Oxford (GAO) conferences held in 2015-2016 to present the work of early-career researchers from across the globe. The papers cover a range of periods and regions, but all share the focus of bridging boundaries, whether these are theoretical, methodological or geographic. Some contributors traverse traditional divisions between subjects by integrating computational approaches with early excavation data or archaeology with historical sources to produce 'thick interpretations' of the past. Several papers approach the past as a bilateral process, examining how people shaped and were in return shaped by their interactions with the world around them. In addition, many authors have directly tackled the modern political divides that influence our research. Building on a strong tradition of novel approaches and interdisciplinary methods, these proceedings present current research on directly tackling issues of division head on.

This study focuses on the archaeological record of South-Eastern Spain during the period stretching from the end of the Late Roman period up until the establishment of the new 'states' of the Taifa Kingdoms and the Caliphate of Cordoba. This work is a study of the area of the Vera Basin, and attempts to explain the socio-economic organisation and its interaction with the surrounding environment of this region, and is based therefore on the material remains from settlements during this period. The study is comprised of three parts, the first section is concerned with the period in which these sites existed, the second is concerned with the spatial positioning of these sites, with the third section being a general conclusion. The first section splits the period in question into six distinct phases encompassing the 3rd to the 11th centuries AD. The study looks at occupation in the area in question during these phases and discusses population fluctuations over these periods. The present day environment of the Vera Basin is a semi-desert landscape situated in the south-eastern region of the Iberian peninsula, with the palaeo-ecological data suggesting that there was a period of unusually high aridity from the 7th to the 10th centuries AD, with torrential interludes. The author looks at settlement patterns in the region, starting by covering Late Roman sites such as Baria, a small urban site, as well as numerous villae. Later sites such as Bayra are also discussed, and this was an important site in terms of administration and ideology, as a major mosque was built here, and was the capital of the Bayra district in the 11th century. The study states how the Vera Basin was a heavily populated area at the end of the Late Roman period, and this population was based upon the extensive amount of dryland cereal agriculture, as well as a large amount of irrigational agriculture in alluvial areas. As the power of Rome waned there was a general period of depopulation, with the population becoming dispersed into smaller communities. A majority of the population remained centred around the lowland areas. From the 6th to the 8th centuries there seems to have been an environmental crisis of some kind, basically a period of alternating floods and droughts, and this in turn lead to the widespread abandonment of settlements. The appearance of glazed ceramics in the 9th century probably indicates an influx of new peoples, with three new settlements being founded in this first Andalusi phase. The period from the 10th to the 11th centuries represents a phase of population growth, although the settlements were still largely dispersed. The author concludes by stating that three-quarters of the sites in the Vera Basin were no longer inhabited after the 11th century. This shows that the settlement patterns during the Late Andalusi period did not lead directly into the period of the Caliphate, and it can be assumed that this is because of the major period of instability and upheaval that this region underwent during the 12th century.

Contains a biography of Professor Barri Jones by Nick Higham and a bibliography of his published writings. Thirty-three leading archaeologists, colleagues and friends of the late Professor Barri Jones, contribute to this volume of essays offered to the memory of this eminent figure in gratitude for his inspirational teaching, his charismatic academic leadership, and his warmth as a friend and colleague. Although, strictly speaking, several of these papers really lie outside the Roman Empire, either in terms of geography or period, all have some link to Barri Jones himself, and reflect his interests and encouragement of others.