Books by Amandeep Kaur

Dental arch form is the arch, formed by the buccal and facial surfaces of the teeth when viewed from their occlusal surfaces. The universal ideal arch form is one of the most persistent but exclusive task for most of the orthodontic researchers have. Concerning the orthodontic treatment, basic principle of arch form in is that within reason, the patients original arch from should be preserved. Therefore, if the preformed arch wires are to be used, it is to be kept in the mind that their shape should be considered a starting point for the adjustment necessary for proper individualization as all the presently available preformed arch wire do not reflect these variations in the arch form. Because of these complex problems, and relatively low knowledge of dental arches, as of today, there is no universally accepted ideal arch form.

This thesis advances the long-standing challenge of measuring oxidative stress and deciphering its underlying mechanisms, and also outlines the advantages and limitations of existing design strategies. It presents a range of approaches for the chemical synthesis of fluorescent probes that detect reversible changes in cellular oxidative stress. The ability to visualise cellular processes in real-time is crucial to understanding disease development and streamline treatment, and this can be achieved using fluorescent tools that can sense reversible disturbances in cellular environments during pathogenesis. The perturbations in cellular redox state are of particular current interest in medical research, since oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases.The book investigates different strategies used to achieve ratiometric fluorescence output of the reversible redox probes, which nullify concentration effects associated with intensity-based probes. It also describes suitable approaches to target these probes to specific cellular organelles, thereby enabling medical researchers to visualise sub-cellular oxidative stress levels, and addressing the typically poor uptake of chemical tools into biological studies. In total it reports on four new probes that are now being used by over twenty research groups around the globe, and two of which have been commercialised. The final chapters of this thesis demonstrate successful applications of the sensors in a variety of biological systems ranging from prokaryotes to mammalian cells and whole organisms. The results described clearly indicate the immense value of collaborative, cross-disciplinary research.