Books by Johannes Karl (University of Leoben Fink

CONTACT LENSESThe book focuses on the chemistry and properties of contact lenses and their fabrication methods.With research & development continuing in the field, this comprehensive book takes a look at the last 10 years in terms of new materials, chemistry methods, applications, and fabrication techniques. New applications include drug delivery, lenses for augmented reality, electronic contact lenses, and wearable smart contact lenses.In addition, the book discusses simulation methods for contact lenses, such as ocular topography parameters, gas permeable lenses, and computerized videokeratography. On the fabrication front, several common fabrication methods for contact lenses are detailed, including the computer-aided contact lens design, methods for the fabrication of colored contact lenses, and the fabrication of decentered contact lenses. Special processes are reviewed, including, mold processes, reactive ion etching, electrospinning, and others. Also discussed are the properties of contact lenses and methods for the measurement. Many of the standard methods are discussed, but other issues are taken up too including a discussion on the assessment of cytotoxic effects, the Schirmer tear test, and others. The book concludes with a chapter detailing the possible medical problems related to contact lenses and how to avoid them. These include eye diseases, allergic and toxic reactions, as well as methods for medical treatment such as disinfection agents.AudienceThe book will be used by chemists, polymer scientists, ophthalmologists, engineers in the contact lens industry as well as polymer industries.

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail.In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail:* Flame retardant polymers* The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others* Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants* Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes* Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods* The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods* Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials* Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

An exhaustive and timely overview of renewable polymers from a respected chemist and successful author The recent explosion of interdisciplinary research has fragmented the knowledge base surrounding renewable polymers.

One of the very few books devoted to the chemistry, materials and processing of liquid silicone rubber The scientific literature with respect to liquid silicone rubber is collected in this monograph. The text focuses on the fundamental issues such as properties, curing methods, special materials, as well as the latest developments, and provides a broad overview of the materials used therein. In particular, materials and compositions for liquid functional rubbers are discussed. Methods of curing and special properties are also described, such as tracking and erosion resistance, adhesion properties, storage and thermal stability. Methods of curing are precision casting, hybrid additive manufacturing, peroxide curing, ultraviolet curing, liquid injection moulding, or hot embossing. The book includes applications including automotive and underwater applications, electrical and optical uses, as well as medical uses. Audience The book will be used by polymer and materials scientists as well as adhesion/adhesives/ sealant, rubber and elastomer specialists both in academia and industry. Practitioners in the fields of electrical and automotive engineering, medical device makers and apparel manufacturers will find the book particularly useful.

The book provides a broad overview of the synthesis procedures for these smart functional synthetic polymers and the materials used therein. The scientific literature with respect to functional synthetic polymers is collected in this monograph. The text focuses on the basic issues as well as the literature of the past decade. In addition to basic issues concerning functionalized polymers, particular emphasis is given to the principles of functionalization, basic functional groups, and surface functionalization. Also, fields of special application, such as electrical applications, water cleaning methods, and medical and pharmaceutical applications, are reviewed. Among the special issues addressed in the text are: Surface functionalization supramolecular polymers, shape-memory polymers, foldable polymers, functionalized biopolymers, supercapacitors, photovoltaics, lithography, cleaning methods, such as recovery of gold ions olefin/paraffin, separation by polymeric membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, and other related topics. Audience This text is of importance for students of polymer chemistry as well as chemists and other scientists that are interested in these topics. Beyond education, this book serves the needs of chemical engineers in industry as well as other specialists in electronics, medicine and the pharmaceutical sciences.

This authoritative and comprehensive 'must have' book appeals to those scientists and engineers involved with industrial manufacturing using 3D printers. 3D industrial printing has become mainstream in manufacturing. This unique book is the first to focus on polymers as the printing material and collates most of the scientific literature with respect to 3D printing. The book opens with a chapter on foundational issues and presents a broad overview of 3D printing procedures and the materials used therein. In particular, the methods of 3D printing are discussed and the polymers and composites used are detailed. The book details the main fields of applications areas which include electric and magnetic uses, medical applications, and pharmaceutical applications. Electric and magnetic uses include electronic materials, actuators, piezoelectric materials, antennas, batteries and fuel cells. Medical applications are organ manufacturing, bone repair materials, drug-eluting coronary stents, and dental applications. The pharmaceutical applications are composite tablets, transdermal drug delivery, and patient-specific liquid capsules. A special chapter deals with the growing aircraft and automotive uses for 3D printing, such as with manufacturing of aircraft parts and aircraft cabins. In the field of cars, 3D printing is gaining importance for automotive parts (brake components, drives), for the fabrication of automotive repair systems, and even 3D printed vehicles. Audience This book will be of great value to a range of scientists and engineers who use 3D printing in advanced manufacturing including nano/micro-manufacturing, in a variety of areas including automotive, aerospace, pharmaceutical and medical device makers, electronics industry.

The world is literally awash with plastics and this book practically provides a broad overview of plastic recycling procedures and waste management. With the huge amount of plastics floating in the oceans, fish and other sea creatures are directly suffering the consequences. On land, city leaders and planners are banning one-use plastics as well as plastic bags from grocery stores in an effort to stem the use. Many countries have made official announcements and warnings concerning the pollution caused from plastic wastes. These urgent developments have stimulated the author to study the problem and write Polymer Waste Management. Plastic recycling refers to a method that retrieves the original plastic material. However, there are many sophisticated methods available for the treatment and management of waste plastics such as basic primary recycling, where the materials are sorted and collected individually. In chemical recycling, the monomers and related compounds are processed by special chemical treatments. Other methods, such as pyrolysis, can produce fuels from waste plastics. These methods and others are treated comprehensively in the book. This groundbreaking book also discusses: General aspects, such as amount of plastics production, types of waste plastics, analysis procedures for identification of waste plastic types, standards for waste treatment, contaminants in recycled plastics. Environmental aspects, such as pollution in the marine environment and landfills. The advantages of the use of bio-based plastics. Recycling methods for individual plastic types and special catalysts. Audience This text will be important to scientists (polymer and materials scientists, environmental and sustainability engineers) as well as policy managers and civic leaders, engaged in the problems of plastics waste management. The book is an ideal course book for students who are interested in the current problems of plastics recycling.

Includes both a broad technical overview of dental materials and the chemicals that are used for the preparation and fabrication of dental materials in all dental applications This book focuses on the materials used for dental applications by looking at the fundamental issues and the developments that have taken place the past decade. While it provides a broad overview of dental materials, the chemicals that are used for the preparation and fabrication of dental materials are explained as well. Also, the desired properties of these materials are discussed and the relevance of the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties is elucidated. Methods for the characterization and classification, as well as clinical studies are reviewed here. In particular, materials for dental crowns, implants, toothpaste compositions, mouth rinses, as well as materials for toothbrushes and dental floss are discussed. For example, in toothpaste compositions, several classes of materials and chemicals are incorporated, such as abrasives, detergents, humectants, thickeners, sweeteners, coloring agents, bad breath reduction agents, flavoring agents, tartar control agents, and others. These chemicals, together with their structures, are detailed in the text. Audience This text is of prime importance to researchers, formulators, and product developers in dentistry and dental hygiene, therapy and nursing. Chemists and materials scientists who work in or are interested in the topic will benefit from reading this book.

This book focuses on the materials used for fuel cells, solar panels, and storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries. Fuel cell devices, such as direct methanol fuel cells, direct ethanol fuel cells, direct urea fuel cells, as well as biological fuel cells and the electrolytes, membranes, and catalysts used there are detailed. Separate chapters are devoted to polymer electrode materials and membranes. With regard to solar cells, the types of solar cells are detailed, such as inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells, solar powered biological fuel cells, heterojunction cells, multi-junction cells, and others. Also, the fabrication methods are described. Further, the electrolytes, membranes, and catalysts used there are detailed. The section that is dealing with rechargeable batteries explains the types of rechargeable devices, such as aluminum-based batteries, zinc batteries, magnesium batteries, and lithium batteries. Materials that are used for cathodes, anodes and electrolytes are detailed. The text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, this book may serve the needs of polymer specialists as well as other specialists, e.g., materials scientists, electrochemical engineers, etc., who have only a passing knowledge of these issues, but need to know more.

This book focuses on the chemistry of additives for high performance applications and a large number of chemical formulas are displayed in the text. The additives applications include: * Analysis and separation techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography, for example ionic liquids.

This book focuses on the chemistry of metallized and magnetic polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After an introductory section on the general aspects of the field, the types and uses of these polymers are detailed, followed by an overview of the testing methods.

Before the 1970s, most information concerning the conservation and restoration of paintings, wood, and archaeological artefacts were focused on the history of the artefacts, previous attempts of conservation, and the future use of these artefacts. The technical methods of how the restoration and conservation were made were dealt with only very briefly. Today, sophisticated methods of scientific analysis such as DNA are common place, and this encourages conservators and scientists to work together to work out the development of new methods for analysis and conservation of artefacts.This book focuses on the chemicals used for conservation and restoration of various artefacts in artwork and archaeology, as well as special applications of these materials. Also the methods used, both methods for cleaning, conservation and restoration, as well as methods for the analysis of the state of the respective artefacts. Topics include oil paintings, paper conservation, textiles and dyes for them, archaeological wood, fossils, stones, metals and metallic coins, and glasses, including church windows.

This book focuses on the chemistry of marine polymers, waterborne polymers, and water-resistant polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After the chemistry of marine polymers and their types are discussed, the uses of these polymers are detailed, as well as various analytical and characterization testing methods. The book also emphasizes the polymers that are most environmentally-friendly along with their origin and industrial applications. The polymers from these 3 types serve a variety of industries including medical equipment and devices, outdoor coatings and corrosion protection, food packaging, saltwater and freshwater marine purposes such as marine ropes, boat coatings, pipeline protection, and marine well application, to name just a few.

This book focuses on the chemistry of inkjet printing inks, as well to special applications of these materials. As is well-documented, this issue has literallyexploded in the literature in particular in the patent literature. After an introductory section to the general aspects of the field, the types and uses of inkjet printing inks are summarized followed by an overview on the testing methods. Special compounds used as additives dyes, and pigments in inkjet printing inks are documented. The applications to the medical field - drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, bioprinting in particular - are detailed. The applications in the electronics industry are also documented such as flexible electronics, integrated circuits, liquid crystal displays, along a description of their special inks. The book incorporates many structures of the organic compounds used for inkjet printing inks as they may not be familiar to the polymer and organic chemists.

Describes twenty-one of the most important and commonly used additives A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers focuses on additives for thermoplastic polymers and describes 21 of the most important and commonly used additives from Plasticizers and Fillers to Optical Brighteners and Anti-Microbial additives.

This book covers in-depth the various polymers that are used for sensors and actuators from the vantage point of organic chemistry. Since many chemists may not be familiar with the physics and operational specifics of sensors, the book has a general chapter dealing with the overall physics and basic principles of sensors.

This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of polyolefins and styrenics. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. Each chapter follows the same template.

This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of water soluble polymers. It covers a wide range of applications: food, cosmetic, medical, lithography and ink jet printing, agricultural, wastewater cleaning, and oilfield.

* A 4 volume series on Handbook of Engineering and Specialty *