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Pregnancy is an event that changes many perspectives of women's life. It is regarded as a time of psychological and biological crisis and emotional upheaval. Since, about 90% of all women become pregnant at least once in their lives, it seems highly relevant to investigate psychological changes during pregnancy. It is the manifestation of various psychological and physiological changes that substantially contribute to emotional disturbance and the long term implications of adverse birth outcomes such as preterm delivery and low birth weight. Data from epidemiological and clinical studies consistently demonstrates that prenatal maternal stress and negative mental health such as anxiety, depression and somatic health complaints are independent risk factors for preterm delivery and low birth weight. However, a relatively unrecognized methodological issue in studying psycho-social factors during pregnancy is that pregnancy itself presents unique psychological and social challenges. Unfortunately pregnancy specific measures have not been commonly included in studies related to preterm delivery and low birth weight.
Educational Psychology has a great utility in pedagogy. The principles of psychology can be used in various situations to improve teaching-learning process, from understanding all relevant personal and organismic variables to enriching the environment. Whether it is narrow or wider objective, it has a crucial role.Learning, Motivation, Personality, Intelligence, Creativity and social developmental process are important concepts to understand and implement in real educational settings.
Biological, Psycho-Social and Cognitive approaches try to understand the adolescence. Patterns and courses of development are discovered and studied from the scientific viewpoints to solve the crisis and help in enhancement of development.Changes occuring within the boundaries of adolescents'skins and psycho-social demands bring for them challenges to cope up with. Roles of adolescents and significant others are important in making adjustment, resolving issues and making changes enjoying.
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