Books by Richa Kothari

Breast cancer encompasses a group of very heterogeneous diseases, which can be demonstrated at the molecular, histopathologic and clinical levels. The heterogeneity at the molecular level has been demonstrated by reproducible differences in the frequencies and magnitudes of genomic aberrations and by differential gene expression among breast carcinomas, even those with similar histology. Studies on whole-genome analysis using expression microarray have revolutionized our understanding of breast carcinomas, which has led to the discovery of 5 distinct subtypes of breast carcinomas (Luminal A,Luminal B, HER2 over-expression, Basal-like, Normal-like), each with unique recognizable phenotypes and clinical outcomes. Subsequent studies have shown that breast carcinomas can also be divided into 5 similar subgroups using immune histochemical (IHC)analysis as a surrogate with a limited panel of antibody markers (including ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6 and EGFR). These subgroups have distinguishing features closely associated with subtypes defined by gene expression profiling, including distinct clinical outcomes, different responses to adjuvant therapy and different patterns of metastatic recurrence.

Nanoparticles of copper have superior properties as compared to the bulk copper material. Cinnamomum zeylanicum has been used to synthesise copper nanoparticles in the present study as it is nontoxic and cheap. The prepared copper nanoparticles were characterized by UV¿ V spectrophotometer showing a typical resonance at about 631 nm which is specific for CuNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that oxygen-containing functional groups in the C zeylanicum are involved in the nanoparticle synthesis reaction. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was also used to confirm that CuNPs are spherical shape. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against E-coli, Enterobacteria, Stephylococcus aureus, Bascillus to confirm that these particles may act as antimicrobial agents.