Books in the British Archaeological Reports British Series series

Bridgwater: Personality, Place and the Built Environment traces the history and development of the town of Bridgwater as a physical entity from its origins to 1700. This includes not only the physical layout of the town as a whole, but also the plan and structure of its individual plots and buildings. These have been reconstructed through the hundreds of leases from the medieval period and sixteenth and seventeenth centuries preserved in the town's archives. Although the area around Bridgwater was settled in prehistory and Roman times, Bridgwater itself first appeared in the early eleventh century. In contrast to previous histories of the town, the book shows that rather than being the village depicted in the Domesday survey, Bridgwater was founded as a bridgehead burh by its Anglo-Saxon lord, Maerleswein. It was later promoted to Anglo-Norman borough c. 1200 by the Devon magnate, William de Brewer, who added the castle and parks as part of a planned aristocratic landscape. The book places the settlement and development of the town within the context of the wider changes in the landscape of Somerset, such as the colonisation and drainage of the Levels, the expansion of road and river communications and the urbanisation of Europe from the tenth century onwards. It also examines the effect of the late medieval urban crisis and the Reformation on the physical structure of the town.

Foreword by Garry Momber.Contributions by Nigel Nayling, Peter Northover, Shirley Northover, Nick Cokes, Philippa Naylor, Florencis Malamud, Joe Kelleher, Jon James and Paul Simpson.In 1991, sports divers discovered a previously unknown section of wooden shipwreck, subsequently named Alum Bay 1, lying in the sheltered waters of Alum Bay on the north-west coast of the Isle of Wight. The identity of the vessel was initially unknown but it was strongly linked to the loss of the 38-gun frigate HMS Pomone on the nearby Needles in 1811, an identification formally confirmed by the research detailed in this monograph. Archaeological work on the site since 1993 has comprised a seabed survey of the site, targeted excavation of specific areas and sampling of structural remains for dendrochronological and metallurgical analysis. In 2001, a second shipwreck was discovered a short distance away and the focus of archaeological work shifted to this new set of remains, named Alum Bay 2. This vessel proved to be a much smaller vessel that was upturned on the seabed and covered by a thin layer of sediment. This vessel was also subject to archaeological survey and investigation, including dendrochronological analysis. On the basis of the ship structure surviving on the seabed, Alum Bay 2 has been classified as a relatively small vessel that was likely to have been involved in local transport or coastal trade in the very late 18th century and early decades of the 19th century. The role of public engagement in the management of such archaeological sites was developed further in the mid-2000s when a dive trail was established around the two Alum Bay shipwrecks. The dive trail in Alum Bay provides an interesting case study in this form of archaeological interaction with the diving public. In concert with such outreach work, further archaeological survey has been undertaken across Alum Bay in the light of a number of isolated finds being reported by sports divers including parts of cannon carriages and hull elements. Investigative work in Alum Bay has also encompassed the broken remains of the Victorian Pier that was constructed in 1887 to serve the growing boom in seaside tourism. The two shipwrecks of Alum Bay 1 and 2 provide a snapshot of two different aspects of English shipbuilding, naval and merchant, in the very late 18th and early 19th century. The archaeological work conducted in their investigation forms the core of this monograph, with further chapters that discuss the wider searches of Alum Bay and also the installation and use of the public Alum Bay Dive Trail. Such an account represents the results of twenty years of archaeological investigation within Alum Bay by the Maritime Archaeology Trust (which incorporates the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology). This work has been undertaken across a time span in which maritime archaeology in the UK has seen tremendous changes, becoming ever more integrated into the wider heritage discipline and with increasing numbers of professional archaeologists working within the marine zone. Throughout this period, archaeological work in Alum Bay has brought together professional and a-vocational archaeologists, who have worked successfully alongside each other. The various fieldwork seasons have provided extensive opportunities for people to receive archaeological training and develop their experience. This monograph therefore represents the last stage of this work, addressing the processing, analysis, interpretation and finally publication and dissemination.

This volume presents the results of a five year research project which investigated the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age of Southern Kintyre. This area of western Scotland had seen little previous archaeological research prior to this project, but work centred on Blasthill has revealed the remains of a rich prehistoric landscape. Alongside a known Neolithic chambered tomb, this project also identified a range of prehistoric features including Bronze Age domestic and ritual structures as well as a series of well-preserved curvilinear field systems. Excavations were conducted at the chambered tomb on Blasthill and revealed a complex and long-lived sequence of construction at this site in association with material culture including a small pottery assemblage. Trial excavations and geophysical surveys were also conducted over other features on Blasthill and at other locations in the wider area, and as such we have been able to identify several other key areas of prehistoric activity, particularly in relation to monument construction. Lithic scatters were also recovered from ploughed fields in Southern Kintyre, revealing a series of hitherto unknown sites. This includes two substantial Mesolithic sites and a number of smaller Neolithic and Bronze Age spreads. The excavations conducted by the late Jack Scott at Ardnacross II chambered tomb are also reported on here in detail for the first time. Research has also been conducted on the pottery assemblages from Southern Kintyre in comparison with other mortuary assemblages from western Scotland and eastern Ireland. All of this is set against a broader research question which addresses the issue of how archaeology can inform our understanding of the nature of interactions between prehistoric communities in Southern Kintyre with people in other areas of Britain and Ireland. It seems that there were fluctuating relationships between Kintyre, other parts of western Scotland and eastern Ireland throughout the periods under consideration which we have been able to identify as a result of this project.

This book represents the proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme conference on the subject of hoarding and the deposition of metalwork.

Portal tombs, of which there are approximately 180 in Ireland, are the least studied of the great megaliths of Neolithic Ireland. Three aspects are specifically focussed on in the present study: landscape siting of the portal tombs, portal tomb morphology, and evidence for ritual in the construction and use of portal tombs.

Reports of the open area excavation at the York Minster Library conducted in 1997 and associated research are presented in this book. The excavation was complemented by geophysical survey and detailed documentary research in advance of an extension to the Minster Library, a converted medieval archbishop's chapel. The research unearthed archaeological strata up to two metres deep which have been attributed to eight distinct periods of activity. The periods of activity include evidence for Roman legionary barracks, an 11th-century boundary ditch, a 13th-century solar block of the archbishop's palace, 17th-century pleasure gardens, and, finally, the conversion of the archbishop's chapel into the Minster Library.With contributions by Craig Barclay, Paul Bidwell, Martin Carver, Jonathan Clark, Hilary Cool, Brenda Dickinson, Sandra Garside-Neville, Kate Giles, Kay Hartley, Deborah Jaques, Patrick Ottaway, Barbara Precious, Nicky Rogers, Jennie Stopford, Alan Vince and Felicity Ward.

This study approaches the prehistory of Wessex (central southern England) from an inclusive, broad brush point of view. It incorporates the whole of the land, the soils that the geology supports, the climate and drainage pattern and, in particular, it focuses on the less studied part of the area, the coastal zone.

Timber monuments form an important part of the Neolithic monumental repertoire, yet tend to play a relatively minor role in discussions of this period. This volume is an attempt to remedy this imbalance and, through an examination of the cropmark and excavation records, considers the variety of timber monuments built during the Neolithic period in Scotland. Recorded as cropmarks on aerial photographs or as chance discoveries during excavations, most are found in eastern lowland Scotland, thoughthere are hints of a wider distribution. Dating suggests two episodes of timber monument building, with a division occurring around 3300 cal. BC, reflected in the construction of new forms of timber monument as well as the way in which they were treated. The differences between earlier and later Neolithic timber monuments likely reflect different ways of conceptualising and using timber monuments as well as changing values, meanings and ideals, reflecting wider social changes obvious within the archaeological record. Timber monuments, though, were much more than ground plans. They were important spaces and places used by Neolithic communities for many different purposes, closely tied to their location and context and reflecting changing relationships with the landscape and the environment. Therefore consideration of their materiality, landscape and context serves to enrich and expand interpretations of timber monuments and to break down the classifications they tend to be placed within, revealing greater complexity and variety. Ultimately timber monuments were one part of a wider Neolithic monumental repertoire, and the number and variety now recognised means they can no longer be considered secondary or derivative of monuments built of other materials. Instead, they must be considered on an equal footing with other monuments, their form, materiality and treatment informing us about some of the concerns, values and relationships of Neolithic communities.

This work follows the rapid survey of the ecclesiastical geology of the stonework of known Anglo-Saxon churches throughout England undertaken by the author a decade ago. From that brief study it proved possible to both understand and distinguish clearly obvious patterns in the use of the stonework. Furthermore, the use and value of specific rock types were determined and diagnostic features which could be used to identify buildings of the period were described. Subsequent, more widespread published studies in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, expanded the English studies by revealing closely analogous examples of the same indicative features. Beyond the domain of the Anglo-Saxons but, of the same pre-Romanesque age, a widespread building fashion had been followed and to this the name 'Patterned' was applied. Chapters 1 and 2 introduce and summarize this work and give brief details of the specific features that are diagnostic of this period. Although a number of relatively minor regional studies have been undertaken by the author in England, nothing had until this time been attempted for the North of England. The present work takes the same form as those studies for both Ireland and Wales. It provides a comprehensive analysis to cover all the early churches over an area of eleven North of England counties. Too large to be bound within one volume, the churches in these counties have been described in two volume parts, this being Part A. In this, the (pre-1974) counties involved are, in alphabetical order, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire; 79 churches or sites in all. This widespread regional study further endorses the existence of those distinctive Patterned features in stonework fashions seen elsewhere. That building fashions changed in the past, if less dramatically, much as they do today, was further emphasised with stonework of Norman and later periods showing the same significant style changes as re-described here and noted in previous studies. This study, by county, drew attention to the dramatic differences that exist in the numbers of early churches that remain in existence today by geographical region. Consequential to this far-reaching study a variety of supplementary aspects of church construction are also discussed.

The objective of this study is to seek to better understand the processes involved in landscape change that have resulted in the highly distinctive character types found in the British Isles. Rather than drawing examples of different aspects of development from around the regions, a single heavily wooded landscape has been chosen for study, that of Savernake Forest (Wiltshire, southern England). The case is made that the processes involved in landscape dynamics are universally applicable, but that the various factors interact in subtly different ways in order to create distinctive landscape signatures. This can create highly contrasting landscape types within relatively short distances. While these are general observations on the nature of landscape, the study aims to show that heavily wooded landscapes, even those that we regard as rich in ancient woodland, are no less dynamic than their more open counterparts. The study uses a range of techniques from different disciplines to build up a picture of rural landscape features and seeks to put them into a comprehensible context within a chronological narrative. Whereas much of the foregoing focus has looked at settlement pattern, what is of interest to this study is the places in between settlements, especially where these lie outside the widely accepted and recognised pattern of gradual enclosure and agricultural intensification. Some of the techniques used in this study are traditional, whilst others are still emerging and in development. By considering all of the evidence we can increase the depth of understanding of past and present landscapes. From such a point it may be possible to contemplate the management and direction of future landscapes.

Archaeological and historical investigations at Tutbury Castle, StaffordshireBirmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 11A report on the archaeological and historical investigations undertaken at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire. The town of Tutbury is situated on the eastern border of Staffordshire in central England some 15km south west of Derby and 6.5km north west of Burton upon Trent. Around 1068-69 the Normans founded a motte and bailey castle on a tactically advantageous bluff above the town with the strategic purpose of controlling important north-south and east-west routes of communication. Attacks on the castle in the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries may be cited as evidence of a continuing military significance down to 1322, when, as one of Thomas earl of Lancaster's castles, it was sacked by the forces of Edward II. As part of the duchy of Lancaster estate it became a royal property from 1399 and was extensively rebuilt during the 15th century; it is this late medieval phase that plays the most significant part in defining the architectural character of the castle today. The Civil War revived interest in the strategic and tactical advantages of the site, and ultimately led to the castle's destruction, although an afterlife ensued in the 18th century as a farm and romantic ruin.With contributions by David Barker, Emma Collins, Matthew Edgeworth, Jon Goodwin, Emily Hamilton, Christopher Hewitson, David Higgins, Matilda Holmes, Richard Kelleher, Alex Lang, Rosalind McKenna, Philip Mann, Helen Martin-Bacon, Stephanie Rátkai and David SmithIllustrations by Nigel Dodds, Helen Moulden, and Bryony Ryder

The supply of unpolluted water was of high priority throughout the Roman Empire and in Britain, as elsewhere, organised water supplies played a fundamental role in the development of forts, settlements and towns.

Between 1801 and the First World War the population of the Borough of Reading increased almost tenfold, simultaneously with the growth of new industries. The authorities responded by delineating new streets and encouraging development in districts springing up mainly to the east, south and west beyond the original market town. The Borough's Highways Committee, helped by legislation, played a major role in managing and guiding these activities, especially in the later part of the nineteenth century. Largenumber of bricks burnt from local clays were used to build houses, shops, schools, chapels and churches required in these new suburbs, but the making of the streets called for the procurement of stone from far and wide. This volume discusses the geological features, spatial distribution and geographic sources (such as south Oxfordshire, Wales, Leicestershire and as far away as Norway) of the types of stone used for road construction in Reading in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

This volume of papers is offered to Martin Welch on the occasion of his retirement from UCL in 2010. It is a celebration of his long career of teaching and research in early medieval archaeology, particularly Anglo-Saxon England and its neighbours in the fifth to seventh centuries.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is evidence to suggest that males and females in medieval England experienced differences in health and mortality which could be objectively demonstrated from their skeletal remains. Palaeopathological data pertaining to a total sample of 1,056 adult males and 674 adult females (c.1066-1540 AD) were compared statistically. A method for sexing subadults using tooth measurements was also developed, enabling the comparative analysis to be extended experimentally to a further 83 (47 'male', 36 'female') individuals aged c.5-18 years. The collective analysis of four stress indicators (stature, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, non-specific infection) suggested males experienced poorer general health. Males displayed a higher prevalence of fractures, violent injuries, osteoarthritis and Schmorl's nodes. Females exhibited a proclivity toward knee osteoarthritis and inferior dental health. A statistically significant sex difference in age at death was not demonstrated. Interpretations for the observed patterns are discussed and limitations of the method are evaluated.

Mirrors are amongst the most well known British Iron Age objects. They are of a type which is peculiar to Britain and are significantly different in form from contemporary Greek, Etruscan and Roman forms. 58 mirrors are known. They are made of bronze andiron, or sometimes a combination of bronze and iron components. Mirrors comprise a handle and a reflective plate, which is often decorated with intricate and free-flowing designs. Some plates are also rimmed. Mirrors are found throughout Britain; two have been discovered in Ireland and two others are known from the continent. They are most commonly found in graves; but were also deposited in bogs and rarely at settlements. They date to the mid-late Iron Age. This book tests the applicability of the biographical approach to prehistoric objects and the application of the biographical approach to prehistoric material culture is evaluated by constructing biographies for Iron Age mirrors. This study is divided into three main sections. In the first section mirrors are introduced as is the theoretical methodology (Chapter 2). Chapter 1 explains what mirrors look like, the contexts they are found in and how they have been studied in the past to pinpoint what we do not yet understand about them and what needs further clarification. In Chapter 2 the biographical approach to artefacts is outlined; how it has been used in archaeology and how the approach will be utilised to expand our knowledge of mirrors and the broader Iron Age context by reconstructing the relationships that constitute mirrors and their biographies. Chapter 3 examines evidence for the production of Iron Age metal artefacts as well as investigating the context of the production of metalwork in ethnographic contexts. The aim is to develop an understanding of the technology of mirror production, the relationships established through their production and the potential future trajectories of the life of a mirror set out at the time of manufacture. In Chapter 4 mirror decoration is examined. Chapter 5 summarises the results of a programme of visual examination of the physical condition of surviving mirrors. Over 30 mirrors were examined for signs of wear, polishing and repair; clues which can indicate how mirrors were used and inform us about their social lives. Chapter 6 examines the form of mirrors. In the third section deposition context is examined. Chapter 8 is the first comprehensive dating audit of all Iron Age mirrors. In Chapter 9 all of the deposition data is collected. Chapter 10 is an analysis of the results of Chapter 9. In Chapter 11 the implications of these findings for wider research and the future of the application of the biographical approach to archaeological research, is assessed.

With contributions by Jesse Ransley and Julian Whitewright.Maritime archaeological archives within the UK often face an uncertain fate. Some are deposited in public repositories, while others are dispersed, are deteriorating, remain uninterpreted and uncurated, are sold or sometimes abandoned. The net result puts elements of the nationally important cultural heritage resource, which tells the story of human interaction with the sea, out of reach for researchers, educators and the public as a whole. Research to understand the nature and scale of the problems faced by maritime archaeological archives is presented within this volume. Subjects covered include a review of coastal museums and their approach to maritime archaeological archives and presentation of the results of an extensive survey which sought to discover where archives are held, their composition and issues of access ownership and storage. Further in-depth consideration of the maritime archaeological archive backlog within England has identified where incomplete or low levels of analysis and publication are hampering access to past investigations and impacting on the development of the discipline. Maritime archaeological archives provide challenges for museums, archaeological, heritage management and special interest groups involved in their creation and management. The various regulatory regimes and development frameworks impacting their production, curation and deposition are examined and situations where work on sites falls outside of any management processes identified. Issues related to roles and responsibilities for the overseeing of archive flow from seabed to repository are scrutinised along with a range of systemic and practical issues which need to be addressed to ensure a more positive future for these significant archives.

An interesting and unusual work on a little-explored field of study. By means of the iconographic evidence, the author aims to provide a counterbalance to the traditional studies of medieval welsh piety with their heavy emphasis on poetic material. There are interesting and suggestive divergences between the ideas communicated by literary evidence and those suggested by the surviving visual culture. In considering the importance of visual imagery as evidence for religious beliefs, the part played by imagery in the formation and reinforcement of a distinctive spirituality is not ignored. The work concentrates on surviving images from the 'golden century', but patterns of destruction and preservation are identified, including rare works lost through poverty and neglect.

Papers from the conference held by The Friends of the Whithorn Trust in Whithorn on September 15th 2007This book includes papers from a 2007 conference marking 21 years of the Friends of Whithorn Trust. Contents: Introduction (Alex Woolf); Archaeology and the dossier of a saint: Whithorn excavations 1984-2001 (Jonathan Wooding); The Latinus stone: Whithorn's earliest Christian monument (Katherine Forsyth); Early Christian cemeteries in southwest Scotland (Dave C. Cowley); Christianity in northern Britain in the late-Roman period (Mike McCarthy); Britain and the continent in the fifth and sixth centuries: the evidence of Ninian (Ian Wood).

Papers from a Conference held in Manchester in 2000. Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon StudiesThis volume presents 16 papers from the conference entitled "Æthelbald and Offa: Two Eighth Century Kings of Mercia" held in Manchester in 2000 at the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies.

'Memorialisation and the Cornish Funeral Monument Industry 1497-1660' presents an extensive appraisal of several cohesive style groups of monuments, being the products of specific monument workshops in Cornwall, SW England, from the end of the fifteenth century to the Commonwealth. People used memorials to make statements. By examining every Cornish monument from 1497 to 1660-the good, the unprepossessing, and the downright bad-it is only then, with this mass of information, that one can truly contextualise motivations across the social spectrum and comprehend the contemporary meaning of the monuments to the county's inhabitants. These statements provide direct contemporary evidence as regards the identity of the commemorated-especially their Cornishness-and crucially how they sensed their identity then, rather than how we judge it now. In this work the tombs themselves are described, their iconography, design sources and sculptural perspectives are explored, and the motives of the patrons are deduced. The author goes on to discuss the methods and motives of Cornish memorialisation, identifying an unusual- if not unique- sustained surge in monument commissions from Cornish workshops towards the end of the sixteenth century, using slate. The overall context of individual commemoration in Cornwall is analysed using wills and probate accounts as a guide to other means of remembrance, both pre- and post-Reformation, building on the motivations for tomb erection. This paradigm of Cornish memorialisation is compared with trends in Kilkenny, Ireland, and Finistère, France, to open up a matrix of memorialisation in the Celtic / Atlantic periphery. One of the discourses of a tomb which is frequently overlooked is its location in the church itself, therefore the author analyses monument positions to reveal how factors such as lineage status, and monumental continuity, affected the positioning of tombs. In the Appendices, the database of Cornish monuments acts as a reference tool to the arguments in the text of thisbook. The monuments of Kilkenny and Finistère are similarly itemised, together with analyses of masons' and helliers' probate documents, wider sets of Cornish wills, and lists of individually priced burial locations in St Neot and Liskeard. Numerous illustrations of the monuments themselves are also presented, most of which have never been pictured before.

The Ruthwell Cross is near the village of Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, in south-west Scotland. It is inside the Ruthwell parish church, in a purpose-built semi-circular apse with a sunken floor. It is a sculptured stone monument in the shape of a freestanding cross about 5.3m tall. This book aims towards a comprehensive explanation of the Ruthwell Cross. It seeks to define the form of the early medieval monument or monuments incorporated in the reconstruction. It considers the issues relating to workmanship and likeness to other sculpture. Conclusions are drawn as to the likely background of the artists, and probable sources for their models. The book also examines the questions of meaning, message and audience. Suggestions are made about the nature of the religious community for whom the monument was made. This book addresses a wide range of questions about the Ruthwell Cross and suggests why, how and for whom it was made. This discussion aims to present a more considered and detailed assessment of the monument's original form, creating a new basis for future consideration of the monument. The wide-ranging discussion of the people involved in its creation and their aims and methods will present a unified approach to these questions, linking historical figures with material evidence to postulate a context for the original Ruthwell monument.

This work is a study of Anglo-Saxon mortuary and settlement practices in the landscape of Norfolk (eastern England) from the early fifth to the early seventh centuries AD. It considers the places chosen by communities as cemeteries and settlements, and asks why they made these choices. It also investigates how metal-detector finds reported by members of the public, and commonly interpreted as mortuary material, may be used to inform an understanding of these issues. The author examines the juxtaposition of cemeteries and settlements in relation to the geographical and historical landscape, trying to fit cemeteries back into the context of local communities, particularly considering the soils which may have helped to structure the practices of rural life.The first part of the book is devoted to establishing an interpretative framework and advancing an argument about community practice. The second part of the book is concerned with community practice in the case study area of Norfolk. Conclusions on the implications of the analysis are made, and some directions for future research are suggested. Important to the approach is a contextual analysis, both for understanding the data and for contributing to the formation of ideas in Anglo-Saxon archaeology. Metal detected artefacts, which have been disturbed from their original deposits, are given meaning by incorporating them into the full body of evidence from excavations, strayfinds, fieldwalking, and aerial photography.

The main objective of this study is to attempt a redefinition of research agenda for the early Christian archaeology of Argyll (southwestern Scotland) by redefining our approach to the data both theoretically and methodologically. The following study of the church utilizes a 'tool kit' of theoretical and methodological approaches that help to both quantify the amount of early Christian material available for study, and to qualify it within its landscape context.

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 8Between June 2000 and April 2004 four sites within the City of Worcester were subjected to archaeological investigation by Birmingham Archaeology (formerly Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit) and Mike Napthan Archaeology. The results from these four sites are documented in this volume. One site is located to the northeast of the historic city core at St Martin's Gate. The three remaining sites are located to the north of the city in an area known as The Butts. Archaeological excavations were undertaken at 8-12 and 14-24 The Butts, and an evaluation at 1 The Butts. At all four sites, the stratigraphy is characterised by Roman and post-medieval deposits, with a distinct lack of intervening material. Ditch features relating to Civil War remodelling of the city's defences were located at St Martin's Gate, 8-12 The Butts, and 14-24 The Butts, and it seems that this and later activity was responsible for the disturbance and removal of earlier material. At 1 The Butts, the creation of the medieval city defences in the 13th century had been responsible for the removal of earlier deposits, but a stone-lined well and other features of Roman date survived on the berm between the medieval city wall and ditch. At all four sites, the Roman deposits yielded a significant array of features and rich assemblages of pottery and other materials, which have added to an understanding of life and industry in the suburbs of Roman Worcester.

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 10The results of archaeological investigations undertaken in advance of quarrying within a 53ha concession at Little Paxton, to the north of St Neots in Cambridgeshire (England) from 1992 to 1998. The archaeological fieldwork involved a total of 10ha of open-area excavation, as well as watching briefs and salvage recording, preceded by air photograph plotting, geophysical survey, fieldwalking and trial-trenching. The fieldwork was undertaken for the predecessor companies of Aggregate Industries by Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit (now Birmingham Archaeology). The investigations recorded flint scatters of Mesolithic-Bronze Age date, pits containing Neolithic-Bronze Age pottery, extensive ditched field boundaries and ditched enclosures of Iron Age and Romano-British date, including livestock enclosures and associated droveways.Principal contributors: Lynne Bevan, Jeremy Evans, Annette Hancocks, Deborah Jaques, Stephen Rowland and Ann Woodward with Marina Ciaraldi, Rowena Gale, James Greig, Rob Ixer, Emily Murray, David Smith, Wendy Smith, Margaret Ward and David Williams. Illustrations by Nigel Dodds, Bryony Ryder, and Mark Breedon.

This study examines developments in British archaeology over the last 30 years or so (between 1975-2010), focusing in particular on transformations in prehistoric research. Ultimately it seeks to foreground the extent to which recent historical developments (at all levels of the discipline and in various working contexts) are implicated in contemporary research practices. Advocating the need for taking a multi-stranded and interdisciplinary approach, the author consulted a range of sources - digital archives, documentary and oral material - and draws on ideas from archaeology, sociology, anthropology and oral history. Through a detailed analysis of a leading disciplinary newsletter, key concerns are highlighted which have shaped archaeological practice over this period, and how particular roles and relationships have been defined and developed. By examining records and primary research outcomes of British prehistoric fieldwork, the writer develops a thorough understanding of how both data production and accounts of British prehistory have transformed. Based on evidence from 'life-history' interviews undertaken with prehistorians across the discipline, themes are explored that connect the diverse experiences of these practitioners: the notions that archaeology has undergone a process of 'professionalisation' over this period, and that it is chronically (and indeed increasingly) 'fragmented' socially. The author considers not only the varied ways in which British prehistorians have understood these issues,but also how such beliefs actually operate to shape research practices.

The A7 submarine sank at Portsmouth with all souls lost in January 1914. It has remained on the seabed, largely unexplored, until a project, in 2014, to fully map and record the wreck. This report covers the aims, results and conclusions of that project.Its detailed record of the submarine is highly significant as the A7 is the most complete example of an A class submarine in existence. As a result, it greatly enhances our knowledge and understanding of this pioneering British submarine class, which was both the forerunner of British WW1 submarine warfare, and the foundation of post-war developments. The long-debated cause of its destruction was also finally determined by the project. The report also provides a concise history of early British submarine warfare and technology. Finally, it records the lives of those who went down with the submarine, and details the many risks and challenges faced by those brave enough to man these early submarines.