Books in the British Archaeological Reports International Series series

All the sources categories, epigraphy, literature and archaeology, together with the contributions of contemporary scientific methods form a solid foundation for the purpose of this paper: the study of the military hierarchy in Dacia. The most complex aspect is by far the hierarchy of soldiers. Epigraphic sources provide a rich source of data for Dacia but a less documented aspect is that of promotions and careers. Thus, the understanding of military hierarchy across the Empire is very valuable. Following the obvious hypothesis, that one cannot understand the history of Roman Dacia, unless in the wider context of the Roman Empire, the author attempts to decrypt the multitude of ranks and functions in the career of the solider. Thus, the research has moved from general to particular, starting from literary sources and contemporary monographic studies and reaching the individual epigraphic sources and studies concerned with a certain category of officers or a particular phenomenon found in an inscription. It was necessary to study each category of Roman units because the connections between them are very strong, especially as far as it involves soldiers, personnel and officers as elements of the whole functional entity in the Mediterranean space. For the purpose of systematization, the author chose the classification proposed by Domaszewski, more than 100 years ago, dividing the military ranks into several categories: soldier ranks - immunes and principales, centurions and primipili.

This volume contains a selection of articles based on papers presented at an international workshop held at Frankfurt am Main, Germany from the 27th to the 28th of October, 2012. The workshop was organized by members of the Research Training Group 1576.

Bizat Ruhama is an Early Pleistocene site located on the fringe of the Negev Desert, Israel, in the southern coastal plain of the southern Levant. This book presents the results of recent excavations carried out at the site and technological analysis of its lithic industry. The excavations (2004-5) had three major goals: firstly to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental context of the site; secondly to provide large lithic assemblages for detailed technological and behavioral studies; and finally to verify the primary context of the lithic and faunal assemblages. The results of the new excavations suggest that Bizat Ruhama is a site complex containing a number of roughly contemporaneous occupations. The analysis of the lithic assemblages from different occupation areas are presented in this study.

Volume 3, Sessions 36 and 37This book is the result of two symposia from the 16th World Congress of the IUPPS (Florianópolis, Brazil, 4-10 September 2011): 'The image in portable art and cave art in the European Palaeolithic Age' (session 36), and the 'Analysis of human behaviour in relation to fire in prehistory. From laboratory results to palethnographic interpretation' (session 37).

Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21-23 September 2012.This volume presents the proceedings of an international workshop hosted by the School of Humanities of the International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki (September 2012) on the theme of 'The Black Sea in Antiquity', aiming at bringing together young scholars from all over the world who specialize in research in this field. The contributions cover the whole Black Sea region and provide insights into several aspects of its historical periods (Antiquity, Late Antiquity, Byzantine): colonisation, religion, local tribes and their relations with the Greeks, geography, written sources, inscriptions, and archaeological research generally.

In this extensive research, the author's petrographical, technological, typological and use-wear studies of arm rings/bands from the early Neolithic of northern France and Belgium provide many insights into the Paris Basin Bandkeramik and the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain/Blicquy cultures by reconstructing chaînes opératoires and through the analyses of over 10,000 objects from 45 domestic, acquisition, and production sites. The rings examined include examples of the iconic spondylus ring of the Paris Basin Bandkeramik, a powerful symbol that occurs throughout the Bandkeramik culture. Emphasis is also directed to clay rings that indicate relations with Alsace and assert regional styles, and the varieties of limestone artefacts that were probably linked to the origins of the first Danubian productions.

In this volume the author presents a full study of the topography and landscape of Roman Dacia (roughly present-day north-central and western Romania). The work begins with investigations of the Roman road network and a discussion of the Roman geographical perception of Dacia before and after the conquest, which entailed the construction of the first roads. The author then examines the ancient sources concerning the roads of Roman Dacia, using the 'Tabula Peutingeriana', itineraries and other literary sources, the archaeological remains, and the 'Tabula Traiana', to reconstruct the main roads of Roman Dacia. Further chapters widen the topic by discussing roads and rural settlements, focussing on Potaissa and its surroundings, and on Napoca and beyond, with an excursus on Roman bridges. These detailed studies enable the author to suggest a recreation of the landscape of Roman Dacia, using a combination of historical 19th-century cartography, digital data and GIS.

A collection of 16 papers to honour Arthur MacGregor and his work.

An investigation of the iconography and inscriptions in over 800 tombs and objects with provenances, from Old Kingdom Egypt throws light on the roles of women, marriage and inheritance amongst the elite class. The institution of marriage, including instances of divorce and polygamy are explored. This includes the roles of wives, mothers and sisters and the role of the 'eldest' child in inheritance. Instances of more than one eldest child are explored to try to determine the family situation. Changes overtime to the family structure including divorce and polygamy are revealed.

The 21 articles collected in this commemorative volume centre on animals in relation to men and gods. Many articles deal with iconographical issues, but epigraphy, ceramics and animal bones are subject of research as well. Although topics range from East to West and from pre-historic to modern times, the focus is on Near Eastern Archaeology (16 articles), in particular with respect to the Hellenistic, Parthian and Sasanian periods. In this volume material from Nimrud, Nineveh, Ulug depe, Selinus, Termez, Veh Ardashir and Hatra is published for the first time.

This research deals with all "skeletal material" finds (bone, ivory and antler) from the work of the three teams excavating at Caesarea Maritima, Israel, over recent years: the Israel Antiquities Authority team; the combined expedition team of the Rekanati Center for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, and the Department of History, University of Maryland in the United States; and the expedition of the Zienman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa. The assemblage includes around 4,000 finds and fragments - a multi-period collection that serves as a solid basis for a thorough discussion and comparison with similar finds from Israel and abroad. To these items were added the bone objects displayed in the Caesarea Museum at Sdot-Yam - surface finds that include some items with no typological parallels within the main assemblage. All the finds are illustrated and catalogued.

This book includes papers from the session 'Understanding Landscapes, from Land Discovery to their Spatial Organization' from the IUPPS 16th World Congress in Florianopolis, Brazil, 4th-10th September 2011.

The aim of this study is to explore the rock-art of the Central Eastern Desert and has three objectives: to outline the petroglyphs' distribution, to date them, and to explain who created them and for what purpose. It focuses in detail on the animal, human and boat images within the geographical and chronological context in which they were created; the landscape of what is now the Central Eastern Desert, and the Naqada, Pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egyptian cultures.

This work addresses the question of inter- and intra-site variability and its behavioral significance through a techno-economic analysis of lithic industries and an experimental procedure. For nine lithic assemblages from three sites in South-West of France, Cantalouette 1, Combre Brune 2 and Combe Brune 3, each of the production methods was analyzed based on a quantitative evaluation of all the operational phases present from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use of the products. The role of experimentation in this procedure is to create specific reference bases that can be compared with the lithic assemblages in order to obtain a better estimation of their techno-economic representation.

This monograph examines the settlement history of a small island off the coast of southeast Crete and its exploitation by the settlements in the southern part of the Ierapetra Isthmus. Recent archaeological discoveries by the 24th Ephorea on Chryssi Island led to an intensive survey that uncovered numerous sites, dating from the Final Neolithic to the Ottoman period. The results from this study provided significant evidence for the exploitation of this small island (i.e. purple dye) through the centuries, and in turn the broader changes in settlement patterns that occurred along the south coast of Crete. Further, the archaeological investigation on Chryssi Island helped better our understanding of the 'colonization' of such marginal landscapes, the insular character of their communities, and their ties with the nearby coastal towns.

The Samnites recur throughout Greek and Roman historical sources as formidable warriors and Rome's greatest foes from the mid-fourth century B.C. This book explores the portable material culture for evidence of an emerging 'proto-Samnite' identity between 750 and 350 B.C. The relationships between material culture, ethnicity, constructions of social identity, gender and the life-course are critically examined through the personal adornments recovered from necropolis sites in the central Apennines and surrounding regions. The catalogue of fibulae, bracelets, pendants and necklaces (available online) forms the basis for analysis through distribution mapping, typological patterns, and the use of metals and exotic materials.

The excavation of Tuyuhun-Tubo (Tibetan) elite graves at Dulan and Delingha in the modern province of Qinghai has necessitated a rewriting of the history of the Silk Road of the north-western China, especially during the 5th-8th centuries AD. This work analyses the history and archaeological evidence reflecting the Han Chinese, Tuyuhun and Tibetan domination of the northern Tibetan Plateau, on which the Qinghai Silk Road features. The study focuses on the Tuyuhun-Tubo cemeteries and artefacts, including silks, gold and silver objects, coffin paintings and other significant findings made during the past decades. The result gives fresh insights into the complicated cultural dimensions and interactions along the Silk Road, which contributed greatly to the shaping of the Tibetan culture.

The backbone of seafaring mobility of humans and goods during the historical longue durée of the Mediterranean basin was formed by islands, both large and small. The present volume - resulting from an international workshop held in Cyprus in 2007 - focuses on the multifaceted character of the Mediterranean insular system during Early Byzantine times, ca. 400-700. Through a wide range of regional syntheses and case studies, as well as a multi-disciplinary approach, the volume seeks to explore a complex phenomenon from several different points of view: the Mediterranean longue durée, local developments and evolution, the true nature of insularity and the notion of connectivity.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress, UISPP, Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006.Volume 42, Session C61

Roman and Lucanian Grumentum (Potenza province, southern Italy) represents a good archaeological case-study of a site over which no modern city has been built. It was abandoned at the end of the 11th century AD and used as a cultivation area for centuries. The sites provide a highly interesting sequence of data, concerning the first human settlements, the 'Enotrian' and 'Lucanian' phases, the founding of the first city (3rd century BC), the Romanization and the founding of the Roman colony around 50 BC. This book presents the proceedings of a conference on the sites, held in Grumento Nova itself in April 2010. The range of topics is large, from stratigraphical excavations to history, from epigraphy to archaeometry. The chronological range is also wide, from prehistory to modern age.

This work examines the public archives and libraries of the Greek world from the late Archaic period to the beginning of Trajan's rule. This study, including a catalogue, focuses on the buildings that housed the archives and libraries, their organisation, and their place in the Greek cities and the Hellenistic kingdoms. The work is aimed both at classicists and at historians of libraries, books and archives, and covers a gap in our knowledge of institutions that were important despite a relative lack of visibility in the literature and the archaeological record, in an ancient civilization that is known for having given birth to one of the most celebrated institutions of knowledge and book preservation in the world: the Great Library of Alexandria.

Taxing systems, conceived as institutionalized means of extraction of goods and services from the population, are a key part in the analysis of the social and territorial fabrics of our history. This volume analyses those tax mechanisms that were imposed following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (al-Andalus) from the 8th Century AD, which can only be properly understood by 'looking to the East'. It also deals with aspects of those same systems that are related to archaeology and place-names, considering that the palatium and qa?r-bal?? must have played a fundamental role both in the levying of taxes and in the exploitation of the 'fay'.

This research considers sites of continental Greece and the Cycladic islands where, with the exception of contexts tied to the large Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries, the presence of at least one gymnasium has been identified. The field of investigation spans from the 6th to the 1st century BC. Each site is documented in detail and close critical examination made of the relative literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources, in order to reconstruct the setting, the relationship between buildings and the urban landscape, and the cultic systems.

Mosaic pavements are typically analysed by their representational decoration to ascertain the meaning of individual scenes and how these relate to allegory, mythology, or symbolism. The approach in this work differs in that it views the technique, decoration and inscriptions on Late Roman floor mosaics in Phoenicia and Northern Palestine to identify micro and economic trends, their dynamic social role in private and religious buildings, and individual patterns of patronage.

This book includes eight papers arising from a colloquium on Warfare and Society in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean held at the University of Liverpool, 13th June 2008.

The book unveils documents and museum collections related to research and excavations conducted on the Red Sea coast and at Adulis in the 19th and 20th centuries. In examining these materials the author takes the opportunity to discuss the place of Adulis and of the Eritrean coast in the cultural, social and political background of the Northern Horn of Africa from the latest centuries BC to the 7th century AD, so as their place in the Red Sea maritime trade network linking the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean.

The low ridge of Phourni rises smoothly at the north-west edge of the fertile Cretan plain of Archanes, situated c.12 km south of Knossos. Uncovered along this ridge was one of the most important burial sites of the Bronze Age Aegean. Its historical trajectory extends from the beginning of the EM II to LM III B, covering approximately 14 centuries of almost uninterrupted use: the spectacular Tholos tomb E was unearthed in 1975. This present study is divided into 3 parts. Part 1 examines the tomb's architecture, stratigraphy, and find contexts. Part 2 takes up the presentation and evaluation of the large and varied number of finds, including very early fragments of Linear A and one of the earliest securely dated seal groups of Minoan Crete. The third part is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of mortuary data, and provides further theoretical material for funerary beliefs in Bronze Are Crete.

In this work the author explores issues of the origin of agriculture in Australia such as the "failure" of agriculture to develop indigenously, and its "failure" to diffuse into Australia, despite contact with Indonesian (Macassan) agriculturalists or New Guinean horticulturalists. Although not always explicitly stated or recognised, significant differences probably exist in the factors and dynamics that led to the pristine development of agriculture, as opposed to agriculture that arose as a result of outside influences, as a result of cultural transfers. In addition, a further question is investigated relating to the concept of Complex Hunter-Gatherers and the validity of some of the frameworks, key arguments, and critical evidence, that have been put forward concerning the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and Complex Hunter-Gatherer economies. A corollary of certain additional factors also explored, such as British colonisation, is the recognition that particular geographic, environmental,climatic, demographic and cultural factors, either singly or in concert, must have affected development in this continent.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 7This, the seventh volume in the series, brings together papers from the sixth CHAT Conference (2008), held at UCL on the theme of 'Heritage'.

The book celebrates Professor Kristiansens's life and achievements with 88 papers by colleagues and friends from all over the world; they are divided into following sections: Beyond Academia; Landscape, Demography and Subsistence Economy; Rituals, Hoardsand Wetlands; Rock Art; Graves and Burial Monuments; Materiality and Social Concerns; Technology and Craftsmanship; Travel and Transmission; Problemizing the Past; Practices of Archaeology and Heritage Studies.