Books in the Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology series

Begun in 1874 and published in 1880, a detailed survey of the stones of Stonehenge was one of the earliest works of William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942), the energetic archaeologist who is remembered as a pioneering Egyptologist. It is reissued here alongside Sir Richard Colt Hoare's 1829 analysis of the barrows surrounding Stonehenge, thus giving modern readers a valuable two-part snapshot of nineteenth-century investigations into this famous site. Hoare (1758-1838), a Wiltshire baronet with a keen interest in archaeology and topography, conducted excavations on the site of the stones in the early 1800s, which were later referred to by Petrie, whose measurements were much more accurate (up to one tenth of an inch). Petrie's numbering system for the stones, as set out in this publication, is still in use today. Many of his groundbreaking works in Egyptology are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.

Imprisoned in 1849 for organising a Carbonari cell among the workers at Pompeii, numismatist and archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli (1823-96) was eventually appointed Director of Excavations, as well as Professor of Archaeology at Naples, in 1860. He introduced systematic excavation to the site and meticulous record-keeping, including the creation of a general map and a 1:100 model, as well as the use of plaster casts to capture the forms of ancient bodies. Published in 1875, as Fiorelli left Naples to take up the position of Director General of Italian Antiquities and Fine Arts, this guide, in Italian, gives a description of Pompeii ordered by region, insula, and building - a system devised by Fiorelli and still in use today. As such, the work illuminates the development of modern archaeological methods and the history of this remarkable site.

First published in 1913, Scythians and Greeks is a monumental work, covering the archaeology, ethnology and history of the region between the Carpathians and the Caucasus. Written evidence on Scythia is mostly from Greek sources, but archaeological evidence provides another picture of these nomadic tribes who moved west in about the eighth century BCE, coming into contact with Greeks, Persians and Egyptians. The book is particularly valuable for its research and bibliography on Siberia and Southern Russia, then less well known to western scholars, from where there are many excavated burials containing magnificent jewellery. Sir Ellis Minns (1874-1953) discusses the pre-history and ethnography of the Scythians, and their shifting territories, and also how they were viewed by outsiders. There is a full exposition on Scythian art and the influence on it of Greek art from the Black Sea colonies, and the book contains hundreds of illustrations.

William Martin Leake (1777-1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815 he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. This volume, first published in 1824, contains Leake's descriptions and reconstruction of the classical topography in a region of modern Turkey reaching from the Gulf of Izmit to the Mediterranean. Using information gained during his travels in the region between 1799 and 1800 together with ancient accounts of the area, Leake correlates existing geography and ancient ruins with classical accounts to identify ancient sites. Leake's precise observations and detailed descriptions were influential in shaping the study of classical topography and continue to provide valuable information for ancient sites of the region.

William Martin Leake (1777-1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. First published in 1846, this volume was originally intended as a supplement to Leake's authoritative topographical survey of the Peloponnese, Travels in the Morea, also reissued in this series. The book is organised as a series of articles referencing historical sites, providing detailed descriptions of artefacts, sites and geographical features mentioned in Travels in the Morea, using information from the French Commission of Geography, Natural History and Archaeology which visited the area between 1829 and 1831. Leake was the first scholar to identify many ancient sites in the Peloponnese, and his precise observations led to his publications becoming authoritative for the classical archaeological sites of the region.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a businessman and self-taught archaeologist who is best known for discovering the legendary city of Troy. Inspired by his belief in the veracity of the Homeric poems, Schliemann turned his attention to uncovering other cities mentioned in the Iliad. This volume provides an account in English of his excavations in 1884-1885 at Tiryns, a major Bronze Age city and centre of Mycenaean civilisation. These revealed a palace complex at the site, which was the most complete example of its kind until Evans' excavation of Knossos; examples of Minoan art found at Tiryns were the first demonstration of Mycenaean contact with the Minoan culture of Crete. The topography and history of the site and its artefacts are described, together with detailed discussion of the palace, and a description of Schliemann's controversial excavation methods. This volume remains an important source for the historiography of archaeology.

J. P. Droop (1882-1963) was a classical field archaeologist. After graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1904 he worked as a field archaeologist for the British School at Athens, and was appointed Chair of Classical Archaeology at Liverpool University in 1914. This volume was intended as a guide to practical archaeological excavation and was first published in 1915 as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological series. At the time of publication, archaeology was starting to become a more scientific and academic discipline, as can be seen in Droop's arguments on the importance of archaeological context and knowledge of stratification on site. The development of excavation as a scientifically based practice is shown by the emphasis on planning of the site, in contrast to earlier guides to excavation. This volume provides insights into the development of the theory as well as the practice of archaeology.

Where is Troy? For Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) the search for its exact location became a consuming passion. In 1869, when this book was first published, the existence of a real - as opposed to mythical - Troy was still disputed. The wealthy German businessman, linguist and speculator journeyed to Greece and Asia Minor in order to undertake excavations well before archaeology developed into a modern, scientific profession. This book describes his first expedition in 1868 to Corfu, Cephalonia, the Peloponnese and Ithaca. Schliemann was convinced that the mound of Hissarlik in Turkey was the site of Troy, and the golden artifacts of his 'treasury of Priam' persuaded the public of its historicity, though his destructive methods of excavation caused extensive damage to the site. Schliemann returned to Troy several times during the course of his career and published further books (also reissued in this series) about his discoveries.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) published Mycenae, an account of his archaeological excavations of the ancient Greek cities of Mycenae and Tiryns, in 1878. Schliemann's astonishing finds revealed that the cities had a historical reality outside Homeric epic. His excavations uncovered many priceless treasures, most famously the 'death mask of Agamemnon' and the shaft graves, filled with pottery, carved stones, skeletons, gold, jewellery and weaponry. He also uncovered much about the layout and architecture of the two lost cities. The volume is generously illustrated with images of artefacts, maps and charts. It is introduced by W. E. Gladstone, who gave Schliemann the political assistance necessary for the excavations to take place. Schliemann's discoveries were met with wild enthusiasm, and while today his methods of excavation are deplored and many of his conclusions thought to be ill-founded, he is rightly credited with the discovery of the lost and ancient Mycenaean civilisation.

Gottlieb Schumacher (1857-1925) was an American-born German civil engineer, architect and archaeologist who was influential in the early archaeological explorations of Palestine. His parents were members of the Temple Association, a Protestant group who emigrated to Haifa in 1869. After studying engineering in Stuttgart between 1876 and 1881, Schumacher returned to Haifa and soon assumed a leading role in surveying and construction in the region. This volume contains the results of the first detailed survey of the ancient city of Pella, conducted by Schumacher for the Palestine Exploration Fund, and published by the Fund in 1888. During the Roman era Pella was one of the cities of the Decapolis, a group of Hellenistic cities which were centres of Greek and Roman culture. Schumacher describes the site of Pella, its extant structures and its surrounding ruins as they appeared at the time of publication.

Gottlieb Schumacher (1857-1925) was an American-born German civil engineer, architect and archaeologist who was influential in the early archaeological explorations of Palestine. His parents were members of the Temple Association, a Protestant group who emigrated to Haifa in 1869. After studying engineering in Stuttgart between 1876 and 1881, Schumacher returned to Haifa and soon assumed a leading role in surveying and construction in the region. First published in 1890 for the Palestine Exploration Fund, this volume contains the results of Schumacher's survey of Northern 'Aljun in present-day Jordan. This region contains the cities of the ancient Decapolis, a group of Hellenistic cities which were centres of Greek and Roman culture. In this volume Schumacher describes the contemporary villages and ancient ruins in this area, and includes the results of the first surveys of the ancient Decapolis cities of Gadara, Arbela and the disputed site of Capitolias.

Gottlieb Schumacher (1857-1925) was an American-born German civil engineer, architect and archaeologist who was influential in the early archaeological explorations of Palestine. His parents were members of the Temple Association, a Protestant group who emigrated to Haifa in 1869. After studying engineering in Stuttgart between 1876 and 1881, Schumacher returned to Haifa and assumed a leading role in surveying and construction in the region. First published in 1886 for the Palestine Exploration Fund, this volume contains the results of the first survey of the Hauran region conducted by Schumacher in preparation for the construction of the Damascus-Haifa railway. Considered one of Schumacher's most important surveys, it describes the archaeological remains, geology and contemporary villages of this region in great detail. Accounts of this area by the British traveller Laurence Oliphant (1829-1888) and the scholar Guy Le Strange (1854-1933) are also included in this volume.

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881) was a Biblical historian and was also considered the leading liberal theologian of his day. After being appointed a Canon of Canterbury Cathedral in 1850 he was elected Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford before becoming Dean of Westminster in 1863. During 1852 and 1853 Stanley travelled extensively in Egypt and the Holy Land. In this book, published in 1856, Stanley describes in vivid detail the ancient monuments and sites he visited, relating these locations to descriptions in the Old Testament and discussing the 'sacred geography' this creates. His work was immensely popular, with this volume running into a fourth edition within a year of publication. It provides a classic example of the combination of Biblical scholarship with historical literature which formed the basis of historical scholarship on the ancient Near East in the late nineteenth century.

C. T. Newton (1816-1894) was a British archaeologist whose great interest was in Greek and Roman artefacts. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford, before joining the British Museum as an assistant in the Antiquities Department. Newton left the Museum in 1852 to explore the coasts and islands of Asia Minor, returning in 1861 as Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities. First published in 1865, these volumes contain an account of his travels and archaeological investigations around the Aegean and the coast of Turkey between 1852 and 1859. Using a series of letters written during his travels, Newton describes his archaeological discoveries together with valuable observations on contemporary Greek and Turkish culture. He also provides an account of his excavation of the tomb of Mausolus of Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Volume 1, covering 1852-1855, contains descriptions of Athens and the Aegean.

Charles Thomas Newton (1816-1894) was a British archaeologist specialising in Greek and Roman artefacts. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford before joining the British Museum as an assistant in the Antiquities Department. Newton left the Museum in 1852 to explore the coasts and islands of Asia Minor. In 1856 he discovered the remains of the Mausoleum of Helicarnassus, one of the seven ancient wonders of the world. He was appointed Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities in 1860 and remained in the position until 1880. First published in 1880, this volume is a compilation of lectures on archaeology and classical art which he delivered over the course of his career. They are arranged chronologically and cover topics as diverse as the study of archaeology, Greek sculptures and the arrangement of antiquities in the British Museum, providing valuable information on early methods of archaeology and the study of classical art.

The German ethnologist and explorer Theodor Koch-Grunberg (1872-1924) discusses the origin and significance of rock art in South America in this study, originally published in 1907. In the first part of the book Koch-Grunberg traces the earliest mention of Brazilian rock art to an eighteenth-century German explorer and gives a wide-ranging account of rock paintings found in South America, engaging critically with the interpretations proposed by some of his fellow scholars. In the second part of the work, the author reproduces (either as drawings or photographs) 29 rock paintings that he himself discovered during one of his expeditions to the Yapura River and the Rio Negro (Venezuela) in 1903-1905. He comments on the characteristics and significance of each of the paintings and assesses their impact within the larger ethnological context of the indigenous tribes of that area.

Sir John Lubbock (1834-1915) was an English banker who was fascinated with biology and archaeology. He was a close friend of Charles Darwin and a prolific writer who made influential contributions to both of these fields, being appointed the President of the Linnaean Society between 1881-1886. First published in 1865, it was written as a textbook of prehistoric archaeology. It became one of the most influential and popular archaeological books of the nineteenth century, being reissued in seven editions between 1865 and 1913. In this volume Lubbock develops an evolutionary interpretation of archaeology, using prehistoric material remains as evidence that human cultures become more sophisticated over time. He also introduces the division of prehistory, coining the terms Palaeolithic and Neolithic to subdivide the Stone Age. Lubbock's interpretation of cultural evolution was an extremely influential social theory which was widely adopted by contemporary archaeologists and anthropologists.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a businessman and self-taught archaeologist who is best known for discovering the legendary city of Troy. Inspired by his belief in the veracity of the Homeric poems, Schliemann turned his attention to uncovering other cities mentioned in the Iliad. This volume provides an account in German of his excavations in 1884-1885 at Tiryns, a major Bronze Age city and centre of Mycenaean civilisation. These revealed a palace complex at the site, which was the most complete example of its kind until Evans' excavation of Knossos: examples of Minoan art found at Tiryns were the first demonstration of Mycenaean contact with the Minoan culture of Crete. The topography and history of the site and its artefacts are described, together with detailed discussion of the palace, and a description of Schliemann's controversial excavation methods. This volume remains an important source for the historiography of archaeology.

In the winter of 1880-1881, the wealthy German businessman and self-taught archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) embarked on a new project, to excavate the 'Treasury of Minyas' at Orchomenos. He was accompanied by his wife and by the distinguished Oxford Assyriologist A. H. Sayce. This book, published in 1881, begins with a vivid description of the journey from Athens to Orchomenos, through gorges and swamps, and across mountain passes. Schliemann mentions earlier attempts to excavate the 'treasury' (actually a Mycenaean beehive tomb), the difficulty of the terrain, and how he engaged over 100 local people to assist in the removal of earth and stones from a large area. He lists pottery, artefacts and stone implements, and gives detailed measurements of walls, towers and gates. The book includes drawings of sculpted decorations including rosettes and spirals, and the texts of classical Greek inscriptions found at Orchomenos and at nearby Copae.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a successful businessman and self-taught archaeologist who is best known for discovering the site of the ancient city of Troy. This work in English, 'translated by the author's sanction' in 1875, describes his excavations at the ancient mound of Hissarlik in Turkey, which revealed the remains of not just one but several substantial, superimposed ancient settlements, the earliest of which dates back to 4500 BCE. Schliemann himself was convinced that he had located Troy, and the spectacular golden treasure which he unearthed made his discovery famous around the world. However, the crudeness of his excavating techniques was criticised by contemporary archaeologists, and later work on the site has led to the conclusion that the treasure is in fact from a much earlier settlement than Homeric Troy. Schliemann's achievement was nevertheless extraordinary, and this first-hand account of his discoveries makes compelling reading.

F. W. Hasluck (1878-1920) was an English archaeologist interested in the history of Asia Minor. Based in the British School of Athens for much of his career, he was appointed Assistant Director of the School between 1911 and 1915. After assisting with a survey of the city of Cyzicus and its surrounding area between 1902 and 1906, he published this history of the city as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series in 1910. By charting the processes affecting the city from ancient to contemporary times, Hasluck provides an overall interpretation of its transformation through time. This together with his consideration of the political, cultural and economic influence of the city, rather than its ancient administrative boundaries, pioneered a holistic approach to archaeological interpretation very similar to modern methods. This book is divided into four parts, focusing on the topography, history, religion and government of the city.

Adolf Furtwangler (1853-1907) was a prominent German archaeologist and art historian specialising in classical art. He was appointed assistant Director of the Konigliche Museen zu Berlin in 1880, a position he held until 1894 when he was appointed professor of Classical Archaeology in Munich. He is best known for developing the Kopienkritik approach to studying Roman sculpture, which he introduces in this volume first published in 1885 and translated into English by Eugenie Strong in 1895. Kopienkritik is a methodology which assumes that Roman sculptures are copies of Greek originals, and that by studying the Roman copies the original Greek sculpture can be reconstructed. This approach dominated the study of classical sculpture in the twentieth century and remains influential despite repeated criticism. Furtwangler compares the styles of known classical Greek sculptors with Roman statues to uncover the original sculptor in this defining example of the Kopienkritic approach.

Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a successful businessman and self-taught archaeologist who is best known for discovering the site of the ancient city of Troy. In this 1874 work, written in the style of a diary, Schliemann describes his excavations at Hissarlik in Turkey, which revealed the remains of not just one but several substantial, superimposed ancient settlements, the earliest of which dates back to 4500 BCE. Schliemann himself was convinced that he had located Troy, and the spectacular golden treasure which he unearthed made his discovery famous around the world. Although his excavating techniques were crude, and later work on the site has led to the conclusion that the treasure dates from a much earlier settlement than Homeric Troy, Schliemann's achievement was extraordinary and his account makes compelling reading. This book was translated into English in 1875 as Troy and Its Remains, also reissued in this series.

When the Irish artist and antiquarian George Petrie (1790-1866) died, this two-volume collection of almost 300 Irish-language inscriptions was edited by the archaeologist Margaret Stokes (1832-1900) and published in 1872-8. Volume 1 is devoted to inscriptions connected with the important early medieval monastery at Clonmacnoise.

American writer and diplomat John Lloyd Stephens (1805-52) was effectively the founder of Mesoamerican archaeology. He had earlier made a two-year journey through the Near East, publishing an expanded account in 1838. Volume 1 begins with Stephens' arrival at Alexandria in Egypt, and ends with a visit to Sinai.

The Assyriologist Julius Oppert (1825-1905) made significant contributions to the decipherment of cuneiform Akkadian. This two-volume work, published 1859-63, describes the 1851-4 French expedition to Mesopotamia, which conducted important excavations at Babylon. Oppert reports on the journey, the archaeological results, and the deciphering of the cuneiform inscriptions.

In this two-volume work, published in 1912, the Hungarian-born archaeologist Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943) describes his second expedition to the deserts of Chinese Turkestan in 1906-8. Written for a non-specialist readership, and highly illustrated, Stein's account of his expedition and discoveries in the Dunhuang caves makes for fascinating reading.

The East India Company's resident at Baghdad, Claudius James Rich (1786/7-1821) travelled from 1820 in Kurdistan and beyond. An important record of the region's geography, culture and archaeology, this two-volume work was edited by his widow and published in 1836. Volume 1, containing a biographical sketch, focuses on Kurdistan.

The excavations of Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817-94) provided important evidence about ancient Assyrian civilisation. Placing Mesopotamian history in the context of the more familiar biblical and classical worlds, this two-volume illustrated work of 1849 is a combination of archaeology, ancient history, anthropology and travel writing.

The traveller and archaeologist Edward Dodwell (c.1776-1832) published this two-volume work in 1819. He made three tours of Greece, where he drew the ruins and discovered artefacts. His account of these journeys is a mix of travelogue and serious scholarship. It remains of great interest to classical archaeologists.