Books in the IOP ebooks series

Principles of Biophotonics, volume two describes detection and statistical representation of optical fields. Beginning by placing the visible spectrum in the context of the electromagnetic frequency range, this presentation stresses how thin of a sliver is normally called the optical spectrum. In addition to describing properties of light with technical accuracy, the most common radiometric quantities are introduced, and conversion to photon-based quantities is explicitly presented. For completeness, an analogy to the photometric quantities is also made, and the three fundamental mechanisms for generating light, blackbody radiation, fluorescence and laser emission, are covered. Each chapter contains a set of practice problems and additional references, and this book aims to build the foundation for further study in subsequent volumes.

A must-read for researchers, graduate students and industry professionals who work in the VLC field, this book investigates the suitability of VLC for vehicular communications from a fundamental wireless communication standpoint. Mathematically accurate channel models are developed, and advanced signal processing approaches to overcome challenges such as sunlight interference, shadowing and fast changing channels are described. Results are verified through simulation with realistic parameters.

This book describes basic principles of electromagnetic induction measurements and consolidates the outcomes of recent research. It encompasses pipeline electromagnetic flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, multiphase flow electromagnetic flowmeters and flow field of electromagnetic induction reconstruction.

Simple Atomic and Molecular Systems is devoted to simple atomic and molecular systems. It bridges the gap between the textbook descriptions of the systems and the state-of-the-art research, revealing counterintuitive phenomena involving these systems, their fundamental importance and practical applications.

The applications of superconducting materials have the potential to change our world, but descriptions of superconductivity in literature tend to be complex for non-physicists. This text provides an accessible account of superconductivity and its applications for an interdisciplinary readership.This book covers the characteristics of superconducting materials, particularly those with commercial applications, including MRI, MEG, high-field magnets, magnetometers, gradiometers, SQUID sensors and Josephson junctions. The applications and concepts are discussed at a level suitable for those with a basic background in physics, without using complex mathematics.This is a valuable reference text for researchers and practitioners working with devices made from superconducting materials. The text also acts as useful supplementary reading for courses related to superconductivity and superconducting materials.Key FeaturesHighly practical and focuses on the applications of superconducting materialsWide, interdisciplinary audience including materials scientists, engineers, chemists, medics and biotechnologistsClear, and readable style

Diabetes Systems Biology provides senior undergraduate students and junior scientists, interested in diabetes systems biology, with a tool to learn more about the mathematical models and methods used to understand macroscopically and microscopically beta-cell behaviour in health and disease. The book introduces readers to the quantitative methods used to examine beta-cell dynamics, islet biology and architecture, as well as diabetes etiology and implications. The goal is to allow junior researchers in the fields of mathematical biology and biophysics to obtain a broad understanding of these quantitative methods, and guide them into taking the first steps into the field of diabetes systems biology. At the end of each chapter, several problem-solving exercises (that require both analytical and computational skills) are provided for the readers to help them become more proficient in this field.Key FeaturesComprehensive overview of all relevant aspects of diabetes systems biology and biological mathematical modellingCovers quantitative aspects of this discipline with embedded examplesFeatures contributions from world-class researchers in the fieldProvides extensive references for further readingIncludes problem solving exercises at the end of each chapter

Biopotential signals are often used by physicians to measure the activities of organs and tissues in the human body. This book describes the sources and characteristics of different biopotential signals and provides an understanding of how a range of signals can be modelled and analysed. The resulting information can be used to assist in the identification of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, PTSD and heart disease, among others. An emphasis is placed on the real challenges in biopotential signal processing due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals.Following on from volume one, this book starts with a collection of chapters covering some of the latest developments in electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis, then moves on to applications of electrocardiography (ECG) and otoscope signals. The volume concludes with a discussion of other monitoring techniques. The chapters include biomedical examples and discussions of how each method can be used to study human organs. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications.Key FeaturesModelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directions Design and simulation examples

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of optical imaging. Targeted at optics and photonics students, it offers a thorough introduction to the field and equips the reader with hands-on training via multiple exercises and case studies.

This book is an informal introduction to plasma physics and its space applications for non-specialist professionals and aerospace engineering students.

This book is different to other electronics texts available. First, it is short. Created for a one-semester course taken by physics students, both undergraduate and graduate it includes only the essentials and covers those topics only as deeply as needed in order to understand the material in the integrated laboratory exercises. Unlike many electronics texts for physics students, this one does not delve into the physics of devices. Instead, these are largely treated as black boxes having certain properties that are important to know for designing circuits. The physics comes when the students use their acquired electronics instrumentation knowledge to construct apparatus to make measurements. Since the detailed physics has been left out, this book should be equally useful for students in any of the physical or life sciences. This is the first textbook aimed at the non-electrical engineering student, that has both the generality on analog and digital electronics circuits, coupled to the very timely technology of embedded electronics. The book also features homework exercises, parts list and a suite of useful appendices.Key FeaturesCombined lectures and laboratory courseCovers analog and digital electronicsIncludes embedded systemsHomework problems with solutionsComplete inventory of required components

This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.The ears and eyes are examined in their physical form in humans as well as in other members of the animal kingdom to show differences in how each receive information from the same waves and how hearing and vision may have evolved in humans. The book also discusses the perception of sound by examples such as sound intensity, decibels, and masking, while also covering the basis of music and resonance. Vision and the perception of light and colour are discussed at length including the psychology of colour perception and colour mixing.This second edition includes the latest developments in hearing and vision. New topics include hearing and vision aids, electron microscopy, the third eye (pineal body), vision and hearing gene therapies and new remote sensing techniques.Key FeaturesIntroduces the science behind vision and hearing, covering both the underlying biology and the technologies we increasingly use to augment and improve our sensesWritten in a straightforward and approachable style, making the content understandable and engaging for non-expertsIncludes extensive illustrations and diagrams

Throughout the past five decades, research and development in the world of nuclear fusion has been led by large publicly funded national laboratories. Currently, fusion energy technology development is being embraced by small, fast-moving start-up companies.This edited book provides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the role to be played by small businesses and the ongoing importance of public sector efforts. All chapters were peer-reviewed by experts before publication to ensure the reliability of the scientific content. The editors are of the opinion that "there is a need for a good overview of a complex phenomenon that has the potential to transform fusion energy research after decades of leadership by governmental and inter-governmental efforts." The book addresses not only the science and technology of fusion commercialisation, but also the associated innovation management. The first section of the book provides an introduction to private fusion and explains that the marketed product will not necessarily be electricity. The policy context of a global need for decarbonisation is introduced and compared to the timescales of fusion commercialisation. The second section introduces some of the leading private sector initiatives in fusion from around the world. Then, the third section outlines the public sector's ongoing efforts toward commercialisation. And finally, the fourth section discusses the challenges and future opportunities of private fusion.Key FeaturesThis book tells a story about a technology in transitionProvides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the emerging role being played by small businessesExplores not only the science and technology behind fusion commercialisation but also innovation managementSuitable for both academic and non-academic researchers and scholars

A learning and revision resource for those studying for radiology fellowship examinations. Updated with more than 50 new questions, and a new chapter on functional and molecular imaging.

Advances in Optical Surface Texture Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical surface texture measuring instruments. Rather than concentrate on the basic principles of the optical measurement methods, this book takes a deeper dive into the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed will include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex surfaces (in e.g. additive manufacturing) and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis. Key Features∩╗┐Cutting-edge advances in the fieldNew ISO framework for calibrationIncludes advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurement

Advances in Optical Form and Coordinate Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical form and coordinate measuring instruments plus the manipulation of point cloud data. The book presents some basic principles of the optical measurement methods and takes a deeper look at the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex objects (e.g. in additive manufacturing), performance verification and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis.Key FeaturesProvides cutting-edge advances in the fieldIncludes new ISO framework for performance verificationPresents advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurementDiscusses a forward look at calibration

This book provides a thorough introduction to the topic of mathematical modeling of electrical activity in the heart, from molecular details of ionic channel dynamics to clinically derived patient-specific models.

This book is an overview of state-of-the-art analytical homogenization formalisms used to estimate the effective electromagnetic properties of complex composite materials. Beginning with an introduction to homogenization, the book progresses to cover both constitutive and depolarization dyadics. The homogenization formalisms for linear and non-linear materials are examined, followed by their applications and multiple examples using Mathematica code. This text is a valuable reference for PhD students and researchers working on the electromagnetic theory of complex composite materials.Key FeaturesExplicit formulas provided for the homogenization of isotropic, anisotropic, and bianisotropic composite materialsNumerical data provided for a wide range of representative homogenized composite materialsIncludes Mathematica codes to enable readers to readily perform their own calculations

This book looks at analysis and modelling of active biopotential signal processing. It emphasises the real-time challenges in biomedical signal processing that occur due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals in a variety of applications for analysis, classification and identification of different states for improvement of healthcare systems. The main focus of the book is on modelling; acquisition of biomedical signals for different disorders; implementation of methodologies and their impact on different cases; case studies and research directions; automatic identification of related disorders; design and simulation examples; and issues and challenges. Overall, the book addresses the real-time challenges in biomedical signal processing used in a variety of applications such as analysis, classification and identification of different disorders in healthcare systems. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications. Key Features Modelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directionsDesign and simulation examples

Intended for science and engineering students with a background in introductory physics and calculus, this textbook creates a bridge between classical and modern physics, filling the gap between descriptive elementary texts and formal graduate textbooks.

This book describes the methodology and applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to studies of membrane proteins, membrane-active peptides and model biological membranes. As well as structural studies it contains coverage of membrane interactions and molecular motions. Advances in biological solid-state NMR are very pertinent with high-field developments seeing applications in biological membranes and whole cells. Many of the chapter authors and contributors are world-class experts and leaders in the development and application of biological solid-state NMR. Key Features Addresses principles, methods and applications of solid-state NMR methods to biomembrane studiesIntroduction to biological solid-state NMR and applications to biological membranesStructure and dynamics of membrane lipids, proteins and peptidesNMR studies of membrane interactions and molecular motion