Books in the IOP Expanding Physics series

Astrophysics of Red Supergiants is the first book of its kind devoted to our current knowledge of red supergiant stars, a key evolutionary phase that is critical to our larger understanding of massive stars. Red supergiants occupy a unique niche in massive stellar evolution as extremely large and cool stars, the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae, and potential probes of extragalactic stellar populations. As a result, these stars have enormous relevance to a broad range of current fields as well as the next generation of observing facilities.The book provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental physical properties of red supergiants, their evolution, and their extragalactic and cosmological applications. It serves as a reference for researchers from a broad range of fields (including stellar astrophysics, supernovae, and high-redshift galaxies) who are interested in red supergiants as extreme stages of stellar evolution, dust producers, supernova progenitors, extragalactic metallicity indicators, members of massive binaries and mergers, or simply as compelling objects in their own right. The book is accessible to a range of experience levels, from graduate students up to senior researchers.

This book deals with the development of particle physics, in particular an area that has now become known as phenomenology. The author presents a solid and clear motivation for the developments witnessed by the particle physics community at both high and low energies over that last 50 or 60 years. Including exercises and references to original experimental and theoretical papers, as well as other useful sources, it will be essential reading for all students and researchers in modern particle physics.

Concerns around global warming have led to a nuclear renaissance in many countries. Meanwhile, the nuclear industry is already warning of a need to train more nuclear engineers and scientists who are needed in a range of areas from healthcare and radiation detection to space exploration and advanced materials, as well as for the nuclear power industry. Here, Karl Whittle provides a solid overview of the intersection of nuclear engineering and materials science at a level approachable by advanced students from materials, engineering and physics. The text explains the unique aspects needed in the design and implementation of materials for use in demanding nuclear settings. In addition to material properties and their interaction with radiation, the book covers a range of topics including reactor design, fuels, fusion, future technologies and lessons learned from past incidents. Accompanied by problems, videos and teaching aids, the book is suitable for a course text in nuclear materials and a reference for those already working in the field.

Plasma Modeling: Methods and applications presents the different approaches that can be adopted for plasma modeling, giving details about theory and methods. The book is intended to assist students and researchers, who want to start research activity in the field of plasma physics, in the choice of the best model for the problem of interest.

This book presents singular optics in a gradual and systematic manner and bridges the gap between a seasoned researcher and a student who aims to pursue research in this topic. The book includes illustrations, examples and references that will enable the reader to conceive their own ideas as they discover more about singular optics.

Lasers in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy: Basics, applications and future prospects provides an overview on medical lasers and laser systems as well as laser applications in medical diagnosis and therapy. Since it was written by physicists, it focusses on the physics and underlying mechanisms of laser diagnosis and therapy.

Nano drug-delivery systems responding to cellular local stimuli, such as pH, temperature and reductive agent's activation, i.e. enzymes, could effectively provide passive-mode desirable release but fail in disease treatment following the biological rhythms of brain tumor. This book is a compilation of research development lead by expert researchers and it establishes a single reference module. It addresses, for the first time, all translational aspects and clinical perspectives of physically stimulated breast-cancer nanotheranostics from a wide-ranging and multidisciplinary perception providing unrivalled and comprehensive knowledge in the field.

Design and Shielding of Radiotherapy Treatment Facilities provides readers with a single point of reference for protection advice to the construction and modification of radiotherapy facilities. The book assembles a faculty of national and international experts on all modalities including megavoltage and kilovoltage photons, brachytherapy and high-energy particles, and on conventional and Monte Carlo shielding calculations. This book is a comprehensive reference for qualified experts and radiation-shielding designers in radiation physics and also useful to anyone involved in the design of radiotherapy facilities.

Rotation, Reflection, and Frame Changes is an engineer's practical resource for rotation-related theorems that might otherwise be difficult to find in literature. By providing extensive tutorials in requisite mathematics, intuitive insight, and computer source code, this work stands as a definitive contribution to engineering mechanics.

Elliptical Mirrors: Applications in microscopy discusses the importance of the elliptical mirror; the third solution after parabolic reflectors and lenses for which apodization factors were established in 1921 and 1959 respectively. This detailed and highly insightful book will be an important reference in a growing subject area that will benefit PhD students, optical physicists, metrologists and researchers.

This book aims to teach students, instructors and professionals the basis of optical techniques for biomedical investigation. It is a text for researchers active at the interface between biology, medicine and optics. With the format of a classical textbook, this work contains the underlying theory of biological optics and applications to real laboratory problems, via exercises and homework.

The popular conception of science is of a steady, upward climb of progress. The reality is not that simple. Highly significant discoveries often stay unrecognized for decades, particularly if they conflict with the current paradigm or extend it in ways hard to imagine at the time. Ahead of the Curve: Hidden breakthroughs in the biosciences is a fascinating collection of lost research that the editors believe are important scientific contributions.

This book is essential reading for medical physicists in radiation protection, diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine, as well as radiographers and technologists, due to changes in global dosimetry requirements. Additionally, it presents guidelines for medical physicists and others using radiation.

Hypersonic Meteoroid Entry Physics gives an overview of meteoroid atmospheric entry. It includes meteoroid observation in the outer space, the recovery of meteors on the earth surface and meteorite chemical analysis. For astrophysicists and aerospace engineering communities, this book will deliver a comprehensive overview of meteoroid atmospheric entry.

Renewable energy is a fast-expanding field, welcomed by many as part of the answer to climate change and energy security concerns; but can renewables deliver enough energy reliably and economically? Rapid expansion continues in the area of renewable energy, with wind capacity expected to double over the next five years and PV solar perhaps treble in the same period. There have been some dramatic projections of potential expansion longer term, with some studies now suggesting that renewables could supply all, or nearly all, electricity needs globally and perhaps also all energy needs by 2050. In this book, David Elliott conveys the sense of excitement that abounds in this new area of technological development not only reviewing the basic technological options and how renewable technologies are being implemented and used around the world, but also considers the problems, including local environmental impacts and the need to deal with the variability of some renewable energy sources. Dividing the renewable energy supply options into those based on mechanical power, heat and light it also looks at some related energy-conversion options, including fuel cells, heat pumps and cogeneration/combined heat and power. The author explores how these new sources can be integrated and used together with technologies for reducing energy waste and demand to replace conventional energy sources and ensure a balance of supply and demand. After reviewing the renewable energy options, the book then considers implementation and policy issues, including storage and grid balancing; aspects that will play a critical role in the creation of sustainable, clean and viable renewable energy solutions. This is not a textbook - there are plenty available - instead the book reviews what is happening across this field at this time of great change and rapid development. Supplemented with many case studies and links to information sources, this book will be essential reading for scientists, engineers, policymakers and anybody involved with, or interested in, the implementation of green and renewable energy technologies, and the environmental aspects of modern energy demands.

This book describes low- frequency waves and turbulence in magnetized laboratory plasmas and in the ionosphere. Part One discusses relevant plasma instabilities and the free energy that drives them. Part Two looks at nonlinear models and the interactions of many modes are discussed. Theoretical tools for turbulence modelling are also outlined.

Modern electronics is being transformed as device size decreases to a size where the dimensions are significantly smaller than the constituent electron''s mean free path. In such systems the electron motion is strongly confined resulting in dramatic changes of behaviour compared to the bulk. This book introduces the physics and applications of transport in such mesoscopic and nanoscale electronic systems and devices. The behaviour of these novel devices is influenced by numerous effects not seen in bulk semiconductors, such as the Aharonov-Bohm Effect, disorder and localization, energy quantization, electron wave interference, spin splitting, tunnelling and the quantum hall effect to name a few. Including coverage of recent developments, and with a chapter on carbon-based nanoelectronics, this book will provide a good course text for advanced students or as a handy reference for researchers or those entering this interdisciplinary area.

Quantum mechanics has brought revolutionary changes in the conceptual foundations of physics and continues to shape the modern world. In this book, the author''s emphasis is on helping students comprehend the significance of the underlying principles and understand the ways the new concepts were introduced. Including many worked examples and problems, this book will be an invaluable resource for students in physics, chemistry and electrical engineering needing a clear and rigorous introduction to quantum mechanics.

The last few years have seen dramatic advances in the growth, fabrication and characterization of low-dimensional materials (such as graphene) and nanostructures (such as those formed from ultrathin films, wires, discs and other "dots"), formed either singly or in spatially periodic arrays. Most studies of these artificially engineered materials have been driven by their potential for device applications that involve smaller and smaller physical dimensions. In particular, the dynamical properties of these materials are of fundamental interest for the devices that involve high-frequency operation and/or switching. Consequently, the different excitations, vibrational, magnetic, optical, electronic, and so on, need to be understood from the perspective of how their properties are modified in finite structures especially on the nanometre length scale due to the presence of surfaces and interfaces. Recently, the patterning of nanoelements, into periodic and other arrays, has become a focus of intense activity, leading for example to photonic crystals and their analogues such as phononic and magnonic crystals where the control of the band gaps in the excitation spectrum is a basis for applications. The nonlinear properties of the excitations are increasingly a topic of interest, as well as the linear dynamics.

Physics of Surface, Interface and Cluster Catalysis reviews the fundamental physics of catalysis from simple surface models through to complex cluster and catalytic structures. It is the first book to provide a coherent collection of the physics of catalysis, and shows how physics has provided and continues to provide clarity and insight into many complex catalysis problems, reviewing both recent developments and prospects for future developments in the field. Physics of Surface, Interface and Cluster Catalysis covers catalytic activity based on band structure, reaction dynamics at the surface and subsurface, reactions on magnetic and paramagnetic surfaces, electrocatalysis and kinetic monte-carlo frameworks, with contributions written by leading researchers from across the world.

Renewable energy sources are large but some are variable and intermittent. The wide-scale use of renewable energy sources for energy supply will require the adoption of ways to compensate for their variability. This book reviews the technical options looking at their pros and cons and how they might work together to support a reliable and sustainable energy system. Renewable energy use is expanding rapidly - it supplies nearly a quarter of global electricity at present and there are plans to expand that dramatically. In which case, the need for balancing measures to deal with the variability of some of the sources, will become vital. This is a rapidly advancing area of research and practice and Balancing Green Power offers an ideal introduction to the field. It follows on from David Elliott''s previous book, Renewables: A review of sustainable energy supply options.

This book presents a coherent formulation of all aspects of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics with entropy as the unifying theme. By consolidating these approaches into a coherent and self-contained framework, it is intended to improve the understanding of this fundamental and fascinating area of physics.

Soft Biological Shells in Bioengineering integrates existing experimental data to construct multiscale models of various organs of the human body: the stomach, gravid uterus, urinary bladder, the small intestine and the large intestine. These models are used as in silico platforms to study intricate physiological and pathophysiological processes, and to assess pharmacological modulations on their dynamics. This book will be of value to postgraduate students, researchers and medical doctors interested in computational systems biology.

Commencing with a review of the characteristics of RF-MEMS in relation to 5G, the book proceeds to develop practical insight concerning the design and development of RF-MEMS including case studies of design concepts. Including multiphysics simulation and animated figures - essential reading for academic and industrial researchers and engineers

Whether you are studying or already using digital imaging techniques, developing proficiency in the subject is not possible without mastering practical skills. In this book, Prof. Yaroslavsky delivers a complete applied course in digital imaging aimed at advanced students and practitioners. Covering all areas of digital imaging, the text provides an outline of outlying principles of each topic while offering more than 80 MATLAB® based exercises. Subjects addressed embrace image digitization (discretization, quantization, compression), digital image formation and computational imaging, image resampling and building continuous image models, image and noise statistical characterization and diagnostics, statistical image models and pattern formation, image correlators for localization of objects, methods of image perfecting (denoising, deblurring), and methods of image enhancement. Key features include: Supports * studying of all aspects of digital imaging from image signal digitization to image parameter estimation, recovery, restoration and enhancement. * MATLAB® source codes for exercises are provided, which readers can modify for their particular needs and tastes, to design new exercises and, in addition, to use them for solving particular image-processing tasks. * Test signals and images provided in the book, as well as methodology of the experiments, will be useful for readers in their further studies and practical work. * Exercises are supported by outlines of the corresponding theory. The book offers a unique combination of exercises, supportive software and data set that can be used not only for studying the subject, but in further practical work.

This book establishes the foundations of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics in order to support students and academics in developing and building their understanding. The formal theory and key equations are derived from first principles by mathematical analysis, with concrete physical interpretations and worked examples throughout.

Classical Mechanics: Lecture Notes, is intended to be the basis for a one-semester graduate-level course on classical mechanics and dynamics, including the mechanics of continua, in particular deformations, elasticity, waves, and fluid dynamics.

Laser Safety: Practical knowledge and solutions provides an in-depth guide to laser safety for a wide variety of people who work regularly with lasers and similar products. The authors provide useful techniques and methods to create a safe working environment for laser culture and answer a number of laser user concerns seldom addressed. This book will be relevant to students, researchers and laser physicists.

Non-instantaneous impulsive differential equations are widely used in physics, biology, dynamics and ecology and have a wide-ranging scope within the scientific industry. This book will help pave the way for a better fundamental understanding of the mathematical models and how they can be implemented.