Books in the IOP Expanding Physics series

This book aims to teach students, instructors and professionals the basis of optical techniques for biomedical investigation. It is a text for researchers active at the interface between biology, medicine and optics. With the format of a classical textbook, this work contains the underlying theory of biological optics and applications to real laboratory problems, via exercises and homework.

Elliptical Mirrors: Applications in microscopy discusses the importance of the elliptical mirror; the third solution after parabolic reflectors and lenses for which apodization factors were established in 1921 and 1959 respectively. This detailed and highly insightful book will be an important reference in a growing subject area that will benefit PhD students, optical physicists, metrologists and researchers.

Rotation, Reflection, and Frame Changes is an engineer's practical resource for rotation-related theorems that might otherwise be difficult to find in literature. By providing extensive tutorials in requisite mathematics, intuitive insight, and computer source code, this work stands as a definitive contribution to engineering mechanics.

Design and Shielding of Radiotherapy Treatment Facilities provides readers with a single point of reference for protection advice to the construction and modification of radiotherapy facilities. The book assembles a faculty of national and international experts on all modalities including megavoltage and kilovoltage photons, brachytherapy and high-energy particles, and on conventional and Monte Carlo shielding calculations. This book is a comprehensive reference for qualified experts and radiation-shielding designers in radiation physics and also useful to anyone involved in the design of radiotherapy facilities.

Nano drug-delivery systems responding to cellular local stimuli, such as pH, temperature and reductive agent's activation, i.e. enzymes, could effectively provide passive-mode desirable release but fail in disease treatment following the biological rhythms of brain tumor. This book is a compilation of research development lead by expert researchers and it establishes a single reference module. It addresses, for the first time, all translational aspects and clinical perspectives of physically stimulated breast-cancer nanotheranostics from a wide-ranging and multidisciplinary perception providing unrivalled and comprehensive knowledge in the field.

Lasers in Medical Diagnosis and Therapy: Basics, applications and future prospects provides an overview on medical lasers and laser systems as well as laser applications in medical diagnosis and therapy. Since it was written by physicists, it focusses on the physics and underlying mechanisms of laser diagnosis and therapy.

This book presents singular optics in a gradual and systematic manner and bridges the gap between a seasoned researcher and a student who aims to pursue research in this topic. The book includes illustrations, examples and references that will enable the reader to conceive their own ideas as they discover more about singular optics.

Plasma Modeling: Methods and applications presents the different approaches that can be adopted for plasma modeling, giving details about theory and methods. The book is intended to assist students and researchers, who want to start research activity in the field of plasma physics, in the choice of the best model for the problem of interest.

Concerns around global warming have led to a nuclear renaissance in many countries. Meanwhile, the nuclear industry is already warning of a need to train more nuclear engineers and scientists who are needed in a range of areas from healthcare and radiation detection to space exploration and advanced materials, as well as for the nuclear power industry. Here, Karl Whittle provides a solid overview of the intersection of nuclear engineering and materials science at a level approachable by advanced students from materials, engineering and physics. The text explains the unique aspects needed in the design and implementation of materials for use in demanding nuclear settings. In addition to material properties and their interaction with radiation, the book covers a range of topics including reactor design, fuels, fusion, future technologies and lessons learned from past incidents. Accompanied by problems, videos and teaching aids, the book is suitable for a course text in nuclear materials and a reference for those already working in the field.

Physics of Shock and Impact is a two volume set of work that looks at the shock physics of solids and covers physical, material, mechanical and thermodynamic fundamentals. Volume 1, provides an introduction to the fundamentals of shockwave physics and progresses to the modes of shock failure through spall, fragmentation and shear localization.

The applications of nonlinear ultrafast spectroscopy are numerous and widespread, and it is an established and indispensable technique for revealing ultrafast processes in modern material, chemical and biochemical research. Unfortunately, it is also a topic that can be daunting to those meeting it for the first time. Assuming just an understanding of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, and making use of many worked examples and accompanied by MATLAB® codes for numerical simulations of spectra, this book delivers a practical and intuitive introduction to the subject for advanced students and researchers. It will also be useful for practitioners, who are already familiar with the subject, but who want to develop a more conceptual understanding. In this clear text, experienced practitioners present a simple and conceptually intuitive overview of ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy using the formalism of quantum processes and wavepacket dynamics. Using this unified framework, the authors provide the reader with simple analytical models, examples and concepts to understand the workings of nonlinear spectroscopy through a pedagogical and physically intuitive approach. The core of the book is the section on pump-probe spectroscopy, as on understanding its mathematical description, more complex and multidimensional spectroscopies become easily understood derivatives. Readers, once familiar with the material in this text, will be fully equipped with the tools to devise and undertake well reasoned spectroscopic experiments.

Knowledge of scientific principles is also mandated as a result of a need to understand best and safest practice, especially in the use of ionising radiation where legislation, guidance and risk all form part of a medical specialist''s pressures at work. It is no surprise therefore that radiologists are obliged to study and pass physics exams. Such exams can present a considerable challenge and the authors of this work recognise and sympathise with that challenge and have created a volume that is intended to be an educational resource and not just a pre-exam ''crammer''. Both authors have considerable experience in teaching, supporting and examining in medical science and have developed an awareness of where those sitting professional exams have traditionally struggled. This text is a distillation of that experience.

Fourier optics, being a staple of optical design and analysis for over 50 years, has produced many new applications in recent years. In this text, Bob Tyson presents the fundamentals of Fourier optics with sufficient detail to educate the reader, typically an advanced student or working scientist or engineer, to the level of applying the knowledge to a specific set of design or analysis problems. Instead of presenting complex multipage proofs the key results are presented with appropriate literature references, before proceeding to look at modern applications. This allows readers to take away a solid appreciation of the principles to enable them to appreciate the range of applications and be able to start using Fourier optics in their research or industrial work. Well aware that many of the mathematical techniques used in the field can now be solved digitally, the book will point to those methods or applicable computer software available to the reader.

By colliding heavy ions at nearly the speed of light, scientists are exploring our physical world and conditions at the beginning of the universe. High energy nuclear physics has implications in our understanding of nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, cosmology and condensed-matter physics and this text provides the foundation for a range of graduate students and researchers in both experimental and theoretical high energy nuclear physics and allied fields. This text introduces the subject of relativistic high-energy heavy-ion collisions and in particular, the subject of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Starting with a conceptual basis for QGP formation in heavy-ion collisions, the author then proceeds to provide a more rigorous foundation by introducing gauge theory, QCD and lattice QCD. These topics are introduced briefly but with sufficient coverage that the reader can comprehend their applications in heavy-ion collisions. Two-particle correlation (Hanbury-Brown-Twiss) method and recent advances in hydrodynamical modelling, including event-by-event hydrodynamics are also discussed, bringing the coverage up to the leading areas of current research.

This text provides a self-contained introductory course in atmospheric physics suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in meteorology or physics. Assuming no prior knowledge other than basic mechanics and calculus, it offers a solid overview of how the atmosphere functions, including topics such as moist thermodynamics, cloud microphysics, atmospheric radiation and remote sensing.

Air-Puff Tonometers presents the latest achievements and research works in the area of intraocular pressure measurement by the air-puff method. This method is used, for example, by the Corvis(R) ST, owing to the ultra-high-speed Scheimpflug camera, which records corneal deformation being the response to an air puff. This book is recommended reading for those involved in the analysis and processing of images and wanting to expand their knowledge of contemporary diagnostic methods and image analysis.

The primary aim of the book is the understanding of the foundations of classical and modern physics, while their application to celestial mechanics is used to illustrate these concepts. The accompanying simulation programs create vivid and lasting impressions of the investigated phenomena, and provide students and their instructors with a powerful tool to explore basic concepts that are difficult to study and teach in an abstract conventional manner.

One Physicist's Guide to Nuclear Weapons presents a truly global look at the history, use, and issues surrounding nuclear weapons from the perspective of physicist and writer Jeremy Bernstein. A first-hand witness to the development and science of nuclear weapons, he is in a unique position to highlight the ways in which nuclear weapons work with a writing style that is suitable for lay readers and scientists alike. Bernstein brings the reader on a journey from the Nevada nuclear- testing fields in the 1950's to the present day situations in Iran and North Korea, while delving into the physics and science behind the bomb. With an introduction by Sir Chris Llewellyn Smith, this book is a testament to the last seventy 70 years of the nuclear age, affecting every human being on the planet.

Digital Informatics and Isotopic Biology proposes a new niche in physics, is fully original in its scope and message, and its potential will likely be unfolded in the years ahead. In time, this book may be seen as a foundational monograph and the founding document of the entire emerging areas of isotopicity and isotopic biology.

Principles ofLightning Physics presents and discusses the most up-to-date physicalconcepts that govern many lightning events in nature, including lightninginteractions with man-made structures, at a level suitable for researchers,advanced students and well-educated lightning enthusiasts.

This book describes low- frequency waves and turbulence in magnetized laboratory plasmas and in the ionosphere. Part One discusses relevant plasma instabilities and the free energy that drives them. Part Two looks at nonlinear models and the interactions of many modes are discussed. Theoretical tools for turbulence modelling are also outlined.

Experimental Particle Physics is written for advanced undergraduate or beginning postgraduate students starting data analysis in experimental particle physics at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Assuming only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity, the text reviews the current state of affairs in particle physics, before comprehensively introducing all the ingredients that go into an analysis.

This book, written by experienced scientists and entrepreneurs, deals with businesses started by scientists based on innovation and sets out to clarify for scientists and engineers the steps necessary to take an idea along the path to commercialization and maximize the potential for success, regardless of the path taken.

Based on the author's long-standing course, this book provides a complete and comprehensive text for students in physics, maths, chemistry and engineering needing a detailed introduction to quantum mechanics.

The embedding method is a powerful theoretical and computational technique that is relevant to a great many technologically and scientifically important problems. This general nature encompasses many important and topical problems in for example surface and interface electronic structure, adsorption, physics of nanostructures, molecular electronics, plasmonics and photonics, and it has become an important tool for researchers in these fields. More recently it has also been extended into the time domain. Supplemented with demonstration programmes, code and examples, this book provides a thorough review of the method and would be an accessible starting point for graduate students or researchers wishing to understand and use the method, or as a single reference source for those already familiar with the subject and applying it in their research.

Non-instantaneous impulsive differential equations are widely used in physics, biology, dynamics and ecology and have a wide-ranging scope within the scientific industry. This book will help pave the way for a better fundamental understanding of the mathematical models and how they can be implemented.

Laser Safety: Practical knowledge and solutions provides an in-depth guide to laser safety for a wide variety of people who work regularly with lasers and similar products. The authors provide useful techniques and methods to create a safe working environment for laser culture and answer a number of laser user concerns seldom addressed. This book will be relevant to students, researchers and laser physicists.

Classical Mechanics: Lecture Notes, is intended to be the basis for a one-semester graduate-level course on classical mechanics and dynamics, including the mechanics of continua, in particular deformations, elasticity, waves, and fluid dynamics.

This book establishes the foundations of non-equilibrium quantum statistical mechanics in order to support students and academics in developing and building their understanding. The formal theory and key equations are derived from first principles by mathematical analysis, with concrete physical interpretations and worked examples throughout.