Books in the Routledge Studies in Modern History series

Why does 1968 matter today? The authors of this volume believe that it is a crucial point of reference for current developments, especially the `illiberal turn¿ both in Europe and America.

This volume aims to provide a wider view of First World War experience through focusing on landscapes less commonly considered in historiography, and on voices that have remained on the margins of popular understanding of the war. The landscape of the western front was captured during the conflict in many different ways: in photographs, paintings and print. The most commonly replicated voicing of contemporary attitudes towards the war is that of initial enthusiasm giving way to disillusionment and a sense of overwhelming futility. Investigations of the many components of war experience drawn from social and cultural history have looked to landscapes and voices beyond the frontline as a means of foregrounding different perspectives on the war. Not all of the voices presented here opposed the war, and not all of the landscapes were comprised of trenches or flanked by barbed wire. Collectively, they combine to offer further fresh insights into the multiplicity of war experience, an alternate space to the familiar tropes of mud and mayhem.

During the first half of the twentieth century, European countries witnessed the arrival of hundreds of thousands of colonial soldiers fighting in European territory and coming into contact with European society and culture. For many Europeans, these were the first instances in which they met Asians or Africans, and their presence did not go unnoticed. This book explores this experience as it relates to the returning soldiers - who often had difficulties re-adapting to their subordinate status at home - and on European authorities who for the first time had to accommodate large numbers of foreigners in their own territories, which would help shape later immigration policies.

This book examines the cosmopolitanism and anticolonialism that black intellectuals, such as the African American, W.E.B. Du Bois, the Caribbeans, Marcus Garvey and George Padmore, and the Francophone West Africans, Kojo Tovalou-Houénou, Lamine Senghor, and Léopold Sédar Senghor, developed during the two world wars by fighting for freedom, equality, and justice for Senegalese and other West African colonial soldiers (known as tirailleurs) who made enormous sacrifices to liberate France from German oppression.

This book, while principally analyzing the Assyrian genocide of 1914-1925 and its implications for the culture and politics of the region, also raises broader questions concerning the future of religious diversity in the Middle East. A key question is whether the fate of the Assyrians maps onto the concepts used within international law and diplomatic history to study group violence. In this light, and including its Armenian and Greek victims, the Ottoman Christian Genocide rivals the Rwandan and Biafran genocides. Scholars from around the world have collaborated to approach these issues by reference to international legal materials, diplomatic and political archives, and literary works.

The exact legacies of the two Hague Peace Conferences remain unclear. On the one hand, diplomatic and military historians, who cast their gaze to 1914, traditionally dismiss the events of 1899 and 1907 as insignificant footnotes on the path to the First World War. On the other, experts in international law posit that The Hague¿s foremost legacy lies in the manner in which the conferences progressed the law of war and the concept and application of international justice. This volume brings together some of the latest scholarship on the legacies of the Hague peace conferences in a comprehensive volume, drawing together an international team of contributors.

Nationalism has played an important role in the cultural and intellectual discourse of modernity that emerged in Iran from the late nineteenth century to the present, promoting new formulations of collective identity and advocating a new and more active role for the broad strata of the public in politics. The essays in this volume seek to shed light on the construction of nationalism in Iran in its many manifestations; cultural, social, political and ideological, by exploring on-going debates on this important and progressive topic.

This volume provides a history of productivity, both as an economic concept and as a principle of the organization of production processes, showing how productivity became both a guiding concept of economic thought and a framing principle of a variety of economic practices. Offering perspectives on the emergence of the modern economy¿at the intersection of economic and cultural history¿the book historicizes and critiques the schemas of modern economic thought.

Squatters have played an important role in the history of urban development and social movements, not least by contributing to changes in concepts of property and the distribution and utilization of urban space. In this volume, an interdisciplinary circle of authors provides a historical perspective on how squatters have articulated their demands for participation in the housing market and public space in a whole range of contexts - including the occupation of buildings in the Global "North" and land acquisition and informal settlements in the Global "South" - and how this brought them into conflict and/or cooperation with the authorities.

During the first half of the twentieth century, European countries witnessed the arrival of hundreds of thousands of colonial soldiers fighting in European territory (First and Second World War and Spanish Civil War) and coming into contact with European society and culture. For many Europeans, these were the first instances in which they met Asians or Africans, and the presence of Indian, Indo-Chinese, Moluccan, Senegalese, Moroccan or Algerian soldiers in Europe did not go unnoticed. This book explores this experience as it relates to the returning soldiers - who often had difficulties re-adapting to their subordinate status at home - and on European authorities who for the first time had to accommodate large numbers of foreigners in their own territories, which in some ways would help shape later immigration policies.

This edited volume views Ireland's place in the world, from the 18th century to the present, from a number of methodological perspectives. Deploying diverse sources - including interviews, press reports, convict records, wills, letters, diaries and social media - and spanning the globe from Ireland itself to Scotland, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the British Empire more broadly - the volume explores issues such as landlordism, slavery, convicts, policing, loyalism, nationalism, Orangeism, sectarianism, Catholic print culture, politics, and emotion, to provide a panoramic and also quite specific picture of the Irish diaspora.

This volume brings together a number of UK and non-UK-based scholars to offer an original perspective on the analysis of far-right movements and politics.

Human displacement has always been a consequence of war, written into the myths and histories of centuries of warfare. However, the global conflicts of the twentieth century brought displacement to civilizations on an unprecedented scale, as the two World Wars shifted participants around the globe. Although driven by political disputes between European powers, the consequences of Empire ensured that Europe could not contain them. Soldiers traversed continents, and civilians often followed them, or found themselves living in territories ruled by unexpected invaders. Both wars saw fighting in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and the Far East, and few nations remained neutral. Both wars saw the mass upheaval of civilian populations as a consequence of the fighting. Displacements were geographical, cultural, and psychological; they were based on nationality, sex/gender or age. They produced an astonishing range of human experience, recorded by the participants in different ways. This book brings together a collection of inter-disciplinary works by scholars who are currently producing some of the most innovative and influential work on the subject of displacement in war, in order to share their knowledge and interpretations of historical and literary sources. The collection unites historians and literary scholars in addressing the issues of war and displacement from multiple angles. Contributors draw on a wealth of primary source materials and resources including archives from across the world, military records, medical records, films, memoirs, diaries and letters, both published and private, and fictional interpretations of experience.