Books in the Step by Step series

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The compass of taxonomy and systematics.- 1.2 The 1960s and the emergence of new ideas.- 1.3 Cladistics and numerical taxonomy: the conflict.- 1.4 Assumptions and philosophy of cladistics and the use of parsimony criteria.- 1.5 Taxonomy and the comparative method in biology.- 2 Characters, Taxa and Species.- 2.1 Nature and handling of data.- 2.2 Characters.- 2.2.1 Discrete coding of continuous characters and ratios.- 2.2.2 Identifying primitive and advanced character states.- 2.2.3 Homoplasy: convergence, parallelisms and reversals.- 2.2.4 Homology versus analogy.- 2.2.5 Character state transitions.- 2.2.6 Dealing with missing data and polymorphic characters.- 2.3 Classes of characters requiring special consideration.- 2.3.1 Characters subject to strong selection pressures.- 2.3.2 Environmental effects.- 2.3.3 Molecular sequence characters.- 2.3.4 Electron microscopy and the use of microcharacters.- 2.3.5 Colour as a taxonomic character.- 2.3.6 Cryptic and internal characters.- 2.3.7 Animal artefacts.- 2.3.8 Behavioural characters.- 2.4 Taxa and species concepts.- 2.4.1 Phylogenetic groups: monophyly, polyphyly and paraphyly.- 2.5 What is a species?.- 2.5.1 Biological species concept.- 2.5.2 Phvlogenetic species concept.- 2.5.3 Evolutionary species concept.- 2.5.4 Problems with parthenogenetic species and asexual clones - some further considerations.- 3 Phylogenetic Reconstruction - Cladistics and Related Methods.- 3.1 Cladistics and cladograms.- 3.1.1 Parsimony.- 3.1.2 Compatibility analysis.- 3.1.3 Maximum likelihood and related methods.- 3.2 Parsimony and finding the shortest trees.- 3.2.1 Finding the shortest trees and the impact of computerization.- 3.2.2 Tree facts and figures.- 3.2.3 Building trees from distance data.- 3.2.4 Rooting trees.- 3.2.5 Consistency and other indices.- 3.2.6 Weighting characters.- 3.2.7 Coping with multiple trees.- 3.2.8 Consensus trees.- 3.2.9 Comparing trees.- 3.3 Which method? - an overview.- 3.3.1 How well does parsimony analysis estimate trees?.- 3.3.2 Compatibility versus parsimony.- 3.3.3 Congruence between data sets (or how do we know when to believe a phylogeny?).- 3.3.4 Reticulate evolution, hybrids and intraspecific evolution.- 3.4 Cladistics and classification.- 4 Phenetic Methods in Taxonomy.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 Similarity and distance measures.- 4.1.2 Measures using binary characters.- 4.1.3 Distance and similarity measures using continuous data.- 4.2 Analysing similarity and distance data.- 4.3 Hierarchic clustering procedures.- 4.3.1 Nearest neighbour clustering.- 4.3.2 Furthest neighbour (complete linkage).- 4.3.3 Unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA).- 4.3.4 Weighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages (WPGMA).- 4.3.5 Centroid clustering.- 4.4 Ordination methods.- 4.4.1 Principal components analysis.- 4.4.2 Principal coordinate analysis.- 4.4.3 Canonical variate analysis.- 4.4.4 Non-metric multidimensional scaling.- 5 Keys and Identification.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.1.1 Purpose of keys.- 5.1.2 Good practice in writing keys.- 5.2 Types of keys.- 5.2.1 Dichotomous keys.- 5.2.2 Multiple-entry keys.- 5.3 Efficiency.- 5.3.1 Length of dichotomous keys.- 5.3.2 Reliability.- 5.3.3 Choice of characters.- 5.3.4 Likelihood of encountering taxon.- 5.4 Computerized key construction.- 5.4.1 Interactive identification.- 5.4.2 Matching.- 5.4.3 Automated taxon descriptions.- 5.4.4 Databases.- 6 Nomenclature and Classification.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The binomial system and the hierarchy of taxa.- 6.3 The International Commissions.- 6.3.1 Codes of nomenclature.- 6.3.2 Independence of the Codes.- 6.4 Basic principles of nomenclature.- 6.4.1 Priority.- 6.4.2 Synonymy.- 6.4.3 Homonymy.- 6.4.4 The type concept.- 6.5 Miscellaneous group-related factors.- 6.5.1 Animals and animal-like Protista.- 6.5.2 Plants and plant-like Protista.- 6.5.3 Fungi.- 6.5.4 Lichens.- 6.5.5 'Blue-green algae' (Cyanophyta versus Cyanobacteria).- 6.5.6 Bacteria a...

Breath by Breath is the explosive conclusion to the near-future, science fiction thriller trilogy Step by Step from the bestselling author Morgan Llywelyn and follows the events of Drop by Drop and Inch by Inch.Morgan Llywelyn concludes her near-future, apocalyptic thriller trilogy with her signature depth and intimacy of character. In Breath by Breath, book three in the trilogy, the residents of Sycamore River have weathered the Change and the nuclear war it provoked. They emerge to try to build a life from the shattered remains of their town.But for some, the very air has become toxic.The people of Sycamore River have to survived the unthinkable. Can they build something new from the ashes?Llywelyn blends her signature character-driven portrait of small-town life with the appeal of William Fortschen's One Second After.

The quick way to learn Word for Office 365!This is learning made easy. Get more done quickly with Word for Office 365. Jump in wherever you need answers -- brisk lessons and informative screenshots show you exactly what to do, step by step.Create great-looking, well-organized documents to enhance communicationUse headings, bookmarks, and footnotes for more intuitive access to knowledgeVisualize information by using diagrams and chartsIllustrate concepts by using 3D models, icons, and screen clippingsCollaborate, track changes, and coauthor documents in real-timeEnforce security and privacy in electronic documentsQuickly build tables of contents, indexes, and equationsGenerate individualized emails, letters, labels, envelopes, directories, and catalogsSupercharge efficiency with custom styles, themes, templates, and building blocksLook up just the tasks and lessons you need

Covers Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook Format Word documents for maximum visual impact Build powerful, reliable Excel workbooks for analysis and reporting Prepare highly effective PowerPoint presentations Use Outlook to organize your email, calendar, and contacts Includes downloadable practice files

Second edition providing step by step guide to chemical peels. Includes DVD demonstrating procedures. Previous edition published in 2010.

Concise, step by step guide to hemicallotasis, including a DVD demonstrating parts of fixator and application technique.

Experience learning made easy - and quickly teach yourself how to manage, analyze, and present data with Excel 2013. With Step by Step, you set the pace - building and practicing the skills you need, just when you them! Includes downloadable practice files and companion eBook