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The large-scale production of chemicals to meet various societal needs has created environmental pollution, including pollution from byproducts and improper disposal of waste. With the world facing adverse consequences due to this pollution, green chemistry is increasingly being viewed as a means to address this concern. Since most organic syntheses require toxic solvents, more reaction time, and drastic conditions of temperature, conventional methods of organic synthesis are less preferred. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis is considered to be a promising green chemical approach because it reduces reaction time from days or hours to minutes or even seconds, and has many other advantages. It helps reduce side reactions and increase yields, uses fewer solvents or is almost solvent-free, has solid supported reactions, and improves purity. This book's main focus is microwave-assisted organic synthesis processes, particularly various reactions such as cycloaddition, rearrangement, elimination, substitution, oxidation, reduction, condensation, coupling, polymerization, nanomaterials, synthesis of heterocycles, and industrial applications under microwave irradiation. The time is not far off when this methodology will virtually replace existing and cumbersome methods of organic synthesis.

This book covers a broad range of polymeric materials and provides industry professionals and researchers in polymer science and technology with a single, comprehensive book summarizing all aspects involved in the functional materials production chain.This volume presents the latest developments and trends in advanced polymer materials and structures. It discusses the developments of advanced polymers and respective tools to characterize and predict the material properties and behavior. This book has an important role in advancing polymer materials in macro and nanoscale. Its aim is to provide original, theoretical, and important experimental results that use non-routine methodologies. It also includes chapters on novel applications of more familiar experimental techniques and analyses of composite problems that indicate the need for new experimental approaches.This new book: - Provides a collection of articles that highlight some important areas of current interest in key polymeric materials and technology- Gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the present state of the art of key polymeric materials and technology- Describes the types of techniques now available to the engineers and technicians and discusses their capabilities, limitations, and applications- Provides a balance between materials science and chemical aspects, basic and applied research- Focuses on topics with more advanced methods- Emphasizes precise mathematical development and actual experimental details- Explains modification methods for changing of different materials properties

Through advanced characterization and new fabrication techniques, the physics, chemistry, and structure of functional materials have become a central focus of investigation in materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. This book presents a detailed overview of recent research developments on functional materials, including nanomaterials, synthesis, characterization, and applications. A series of chapters provides state-of-the-art information on structures and performance of polymer composites.This volume contains topical articles by prominent leaders in this field. The research presented discusses design principles, candidate materials and systems, and current advances, and serves as a useful source of insight into this field. This book provides a strong understanding of the primary types of materials and composites, as well as the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties. The relationships among processing, structure, properties, and performance components are explored throughout the chapters.

This book covers a variety of recent research on natural polymers, biomaterials, composites, and their applications. It provides valuable insights into the developments that arose with the merger between biological and polymeric materials that have led to many technological and commercial developments. The extensive research being conducted in the field of bio-based polymers will eventually lead to better health care, cleaner energy sources, and a safer environment for future generations. This book covers topics such as synthesis of novel biomaterials for application in varied fields, such as medicine, wastewater treatment, and polymer composites. It includes the most up-to-date research articles in the field of natural polymers and biomaterials reviewed by the competent researchers in the field.This book is intended for researchers in the fields of materials science, polymer chemistry, and applied biology.

This book facilitates the study of problematic chemicals in such applications as chemical fate modeling, chemical process design, and experimental design. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of modern biochemical engineering, detailing the basic concepts underlying the behavior of bioprocesses as well as advances in bioprocess and biochemical engineering science. It combines contemporary engineering science with relevant biological concepts in a comprehensive introduction to biochemical engineering.This book provides both a rigorous view and a more practical, understandable view of chemical compounds and biochemical engineering and their applications. Every section of the book has been expanded where relevant to take account of significant new discoveries and realizations of the importance of key concepts. Furthermore, emphases are placed on the underlying fundamentals and on acquisition of a broad and comprehensive grasp of the field as a whole.

Keeping in mind the advantages of bio-based materials, this book focuses on the potential efficacy of different biocomposites procured from diverse natural resources and the preparation and processing of the biocomposites to be used for a variety of applications. Each chapter gives an overview on a particular biocomposite material and its processing and successful utilization for selected applications. The chapters summarize recently developed research on such topics as: - Spider silk biocomposites- Biogenic hydroxyapatite-based implant biocomposites- Liquid crystals and cellulose derivatives biocomposites- Bio-based epoxy resins- Bio-based polyphenols and lignocellulosic fibers- Wood-based biocomposites- Flame retardant biocomposites- Biocomposites for industrial noise control- Cellulose-based bionanocomposites Each individual chapter also focuses on the knowledge and understanding of the interfaces manifested in these biocomposites systems and the optimization of different parameters for novel properties. In addition to this, the book also summarizes the recent developments made in the area of injection molding of biocomposites, chemical functionalization of natural fibers, processing of biocomposites, and their applications in the automotive and biomedical industries. A number of critical issues and suggestions for future work are discussed, underscoring the roles of researchers for the efficient development of biocomposite materials through value addition to enhance their use.

This book focuses mainly on the recent developments of all types of theoretical, mathematical, and computational conceptions, as well as modelling and simulation of specific research themes covering all scientific and technical disciplines from chemistry, physics, and engineering to biology and medicine. The book contains timely reviews and research covering fundamental and applied research aspects in all disciplines of natural sciences, including their historical representations and philosophical perspectives. The book discusses the fact that the largest and smallest values of the fukui function and local softness do not necessarily correspond to the softness and hardness regions of the molecules such as porphyrins. The authors have adopted two popular calculation procedures for this venture. One is the very old Hückel molecular orbital calculation, and the other is one of best semi-empirical AM-1 procedures for such systems. Our finding is that neither the fukui functions nor the local softnesses can predict the preferred donor sites of porphyrins toward metal ions.

With contributions from experts from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in polymer products and chemical processes. It incorporates appropriate case studies, explanatory notes, and schematics for more clarity and better understanding.This new book: - Features a collection of articles that highlight some important areas of current interest in polymer products and chemical processes- Gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the present state of the art of polymer chemistry- Familiarizes readers with new aspects of the techniques used in the examination of polymers, including chemical, physicochemical, and purely physical methods of examination- Describes the types of techniques now available to the polymer chemist and technician, and discusses their capabilities, limitations, and applications- Provides a balance between materials science and mechanics aspects, basic and applied research, and high-technology and high-volume (low-cost) composite development

This valuable book, the third volume in the Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation series, focuses on sustainable micro irrigation management for trees and vines. It covers the principles as well as recent advances and applications of micro irrigation techniques. Specialists throughout the world share their expertise on: - Automation of micro irrigation systems- Service and maintenance of micro irrigation systems- Evaluation of micro irrigation systems- Scheduling of irrigation- Using municipal wastewater for micro irrigation- Micro-jet irrigation and other systems- The effect of potassium, acid lime, and other elements

This new book, Sustainable Practices in Surface and Subsurface Micro Irrigation, offers a vast amount of knowledge and techniques necessary to develop and manage a drip/trickle or micro irrigation system. The information covered has worldwide applicability to irrigation management in agriculture. Focusing on both subsurface and surface micro irrigation, chapters in the book cover a variety of new research and information on: - Irrigation water requirements for tanier, vegetables, bananas, plantains, beans, and papaya- Irrigating different types of soils, including sandy soils, wet soils, and mollisols- New applications for micro irrigation using existing technology, such as meteorological instruments and MicroCAD- Meteorological instruments for water management

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.This book examines conserved pathways mediating cell cycle progression and cell polarity establishment. It includes examples of yeast, regulatory circuits, and feedback regulation, with emphasis on system-wide approaches. It also covers protein interaction networks and trait l

With contributions from leading scientists in agricultural biology and young researchers, this book examines the ecological consequences that sometimes arise with various methods of increasing crop productivity. It also presents agroecological approaches to crop improvement and productivity from several perspectives, examines alternative energy

This contemporary book covers significant new knowledge that has emerged during the last two decades and, thus, provides novel antibody phylogenetic perspectives relevant to development of new antibody-based therapeutics and vaccines. It fills a much-needed niche in the area of immunoglobulin genetics across species from a comparative perspective. New insights and perspectives from immunoglobulin genetics from species such as sea lamprey, cattle, marsupial, bat, rat, rabbit, and swine-other species than the traditional subjects of mice and humans-are relevant to antibody design and engineering. These new perspectives find direct application in the cutting-edge areas of antibody design, engineering and therapeutics, antibody-drug conjugates, and novel antibody-based vaccines. This book fills the need to provide updated knowledge of this newly exploded area that is finding applications in new drug development. No other competing books on the topic are available in the market. The book will be of great interest to immunologists, immunology researchers, immunogeneticists, researchers in pharmaceutical science, those involved in the infectious disease and antibody therapeutics areas, and many others.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.The book provides a comprehensive perspective on the subject of obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. The chapters provide a better understanding of obesity and obesity-related diseases and offer an integrative framework for individualized dietary and exercise programs, behavior modification, pharmaceutical approaches, surgery, and population interventions to reduce the growing epidemic of obesity.

This book details original, theoretical, and important experimental results that use non-routine methodologies often unfamiliar to most readers. It also includes papers on novel applications of more familiar experimental techniques and analyses of composite problems. The book provides comprehensive coverage on the latest developments of research

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.Advances in information technology and next generation sequencing have propelled the use of bioinformatics in agriculture, especially in the area of crop improvement. An extremely large amount of genomics data is available from plants and animals due to tremendous improvements in the field. This book acquaints readers with state-of-the-art sequencing technologies, recent developments in computing algorithms, and certain biological perspectives that influence development of bioinformatics tools by giving specific examples from model plant species. The challenge is now to make sense and use of this wealth of data.

Due to their high growth rate, algae, microalgae, and aquatic plants are becoming the most promising photosynthetic organisms for biofuel production. Advances in Biofuel Production: Algae and Aquatic Plants explores current investigations and application of the fields of biofuel production and bioengineering and considers from a global co

With contributions from experts from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in the identified areas. In addition, a thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as nitration, ammoxidation

The need for economically feasible and multifunctional materials becomes more acute as the natural physical and chemical resources reveal either their limits or reveal the difficulties and increasing costs in storage, transport, and conversion. This reference presents the work from contributors from various fields, of various ages and from diffe

This book covers methods and strategies related to food composition and analysis. Topics include antioxidant activity of maize bran arabinoxylan microspheres; active packaging based on the release of carvacrol and thymol for fresh food; enzymes for the flavor, dairy, and baking industries; membrane technology in food processing; tenderization of

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.This new book presents a variety of important research on functional foods-foods that have another role related to disease prevention or health. The first section of the book includes chapters on the complicated relationships between nutrition, physical and mental health, and disease. Section two focuses on the connection between health science and food, and presents a number of case studies on the possible uses of functional foods. The book discusses important methods for nutritional interventions in relation to diseases such as obesity and other prominent health concerns in modern society. Topics include: Nutrigenetics and metabolic diseases Nutrition intervention strategies to improve health Nutrition consumption timing around exercise sessions Nutritional therapies for mental disorders Health benefits of particular foods, such as eggs, milk, cereal, garlic, cinnamon, nuts, blueberries, etc. Mineral- and protein-enriched foods

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased worldwide in recent decades. Obesity in childhood is associated with a wide range of serious health complications and an increased risk of premature illness and death later in life. This book presents childhood obesity trends across multiple demographics and discusses the contributing genetic and environmental factors. It demonstrates the adverse health consequences of childhood obesity both as they relate to childhood and as they last into adulthood and presents multiple methods for obesity treatment included community and family-based intervention, pharmacotherapy, and surgical procedures.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters.Hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking" as it is commonly known, refers to the practice of using liquids at very high pressures to fragment rock, thereby allowing natural gas to be harvested. This process increases energy resources but also has some negative environmental impacts as well. This book looks at the environmental impact. The first section looks at fracturing and the water supply, the second section looks at ecosystems and wildlife, while the final section examines the possible effects on human ecosystems and human health.

This book provides comprehensive coverage on the latest developments of research in the ever-expanding area of polymers and advanced materials and their applications to broad scientific fields including physics, chemistry, biology, and materials. It presents physical principles in explaining and rationalizing polymeric phenomena. Featuring class

This book focuses on food, non-food, and industrial packaging applications of polymers, blends, nanostructured materials, macro, micro and nanocomposites, and renewable and biodegradable materials. It details physical, thermal, and barrier properties as well as sustainability, recycling, and regulatory issues. The book emphasizes interdisciplinary research on processing, morphology, structure, and properties as well as applications in packaging of food and industrial products. It is useful for chemists, physicists, materials scientists, food technologists, and engineers.

This book provides an important structural analysis of polymer solutions and melts, using fractal analysis. The book covers the theoretical fundamentals of macromolecules fractal analysis. It then goes on to discuss the fractal physics of polymer solutions and the fractal physics of melts. The intended audience of the book includes specialists i