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This new volume in the Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation series covers an array of technologies to estimate evapotranspiration and to evaluate parameters that are needed in the management of micro irrigation, with worldwide applicability to irrigation management in agriculture. Topics include recent evapotranspiration researc

Written by highly regarded experts in the field, this book covers many of the major themes of chemical and biochemical physics, addressing important issues, from concept to technology to implementation. It provides new research and updates on a variety of issues in physical chemistry and biochemical physics. Many chapters include case studies an

This book takes a holistic approach to the prevention and control of infectious diseases from enteric pathogens, covering different concepts and approaches to address these challenging diseases, with special emphasis on HIV and AIDS. It examines several different approaches, such as ayurvedic, bioinformatic, and fungal- and metal-based treatment

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Increasing attention is being paid to the valorization of solid wastes-converting them into energy or other useful products. This book describes recent research into methodologies and technologies for managing various forms of solid waste, while at the same time generating energy and revenue with less impact on the environment. Topics include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization. The transition from a fossil fuel-based economy to a more sustainable economy will require a solid foundation of ongoing scientific research. The editor of this compendium, a well-respected researcher in the field, has selected studies that help to build that foundation.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Edited by a leading researcher in the field, this book provides an overview of waste valorization and includes the editor's research in addition to other experts and recent and relevant studies on this critical topic. It covers treatment and pretreatment technologies and methodologies, energy recovery from solid wastes, recycling and reuse, additional cutting-edge valorization methodologies. Primarily aimed at researchers and advanced students in biochemical, engineering, and environmental fields, this book should also provide a valuable reference for municipal legislators and industry practitioners.

This new book covers the synthetic as well application aspects of functional polymers. It highlights modern trends in the field and showcases the recent characterization techniques that are being employed in the field of polymer science. The chapters are written by top-notch scientists who are internationally recognized in the field. The chapter

This new book focuses on eco-friendly nanohybrid. It clearly summarizes the fundamentals and established techniques of synthesis and processing of eco-friendly nanohybrid materials to provide a systematic and coherent picture of synthesis and the processing of nanomaterials. The research on nanotechnology is evolving and expanding very rapidly. Nanotechnology represents an emerging technology that has the potential to have an impact on an incredibly wide number of industries, such as the medical, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries. There is a growing need to develop environmentally friendly processes for corrosion control that do not employ toxic chemicals. This book helps to fill this need. This volume is a comprehensive compilation of several trending research topics, such as fouling, energy-storing devices, water treatment, corrosion, biomaterials, and high performance materials. The topics are approached in an encompassing manner, covering the basics and the recent trends in this area, clearly defining the problems and suggesting potential solutions. Topics in the book include: Synthesis of complex polymer intermediatesSynthesis of nanoparticles and nanofibersBinding interaction between nano- and micromaterialsFabrication of polymer nanocompositesMaking of functionally terminated nanohybrid coatingsDevelopment of corrosion resistant coatingsAntifouling coatingsBioceramic materialsMaterials for therapeutic and aesthetic applicationsEco-Friendly Nano-Hybrid Materials for Advanced Engineering Applications will benefit a wide variety of those in this field, including: Shipping and coating industries encountering fouling problemsInnovators in the field of energy storage and electrical equipmentDevelopers of efficient water treatment systemsBiomedical industries looking for novel bio-compatible materialsIndustries seeking high performance epoxy-based materials needed for specific applications

Micro irrigation, also known as trickle, drip, localized, high frequency, or pressurized irrigation, is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. It is done through narrow tubes that deliver water directly to the base of the plant. Clogging is a menace in the success of drip irrigation systems, and the situation is more complex under subsurface drip irrigation. Irrigation planners and engineers have found a variety of innovative methods to help to minimize clogging. This book emphasizes the implications of micro irrigation clogging, especially under the subsurface placement of laterals. The book offers remedies to decrease clogging and methodologies to improve the performance of micro sprinklers. This valuable resource addresses this critical problem, covering: Challenges in clogging under subsurface drip irrigationPrinciples, practices, and management of emitter cloggingEfficiency of acidification for unclogging of emitters Performance characteristics of micro sprinklersThe book will serve as a reference manual for professionals in biological and civil engineering, horticulture, soil and crop science, and agronomy, as well as for graduate and undergraduate students in related fields. It will be a valuable reference for professionals who work with micro irrigation/wastewater and water management and for technical agricultural centers, irrigation centers, agricultural extension services, and other agencies that work with micro irrigation programs.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Intended for a wide audience ranging from engineers and academics to decision-makers in both the public and private sectors, Biological Treatment of Solid Waste: Enhancing Sustainability reviews several technologies that help communities manage solid waste sustainably, while at the same time generating energy, revenue, and other resources. The book is divided into three topics: Microbial technologies for solid waste treatmentCompostingBiodryingIncluded within these larger topics are case studies and investigations into particular aspects of each, with attention paid to food waste, animal waste, municipal waste, and certain forms of industrial waste. The editor is an environmental engineer with an international reputation, and she has included her own research studies as well as that of her colleagues, many of which have been presented at international waste management conferences. She concludes that our world can no longer afford to consider waste as something that can be discarded with no regard for future use. Instead, if addressed correctly through policy and practice, solid waste can become a valuable resource.

This new book, Sustainable Micro Irrigation Design Systems for Agricultural Crops, brings together the best research for efficient micro irrigation methods for field crops, focusing on design methods and best practices. Covering a multitude of topics, the book presents research and studies on: Indigenous alternatives for use of saline and alkali watersHydraulic performanceDistribution of moistureFertigation technologyBuried micro irrigation lateralsDrip irrigation schedulingRainwater harvesting Adoption and economic impact of a micro irrigation modelThis book is a must for those interested in irrigation planning and management, namely, researchers, scientists, educators, and students.

This important new book covers recent advancements, innovations, and technologies in industrial biotechnology, specifically addressing the application of various biomolecules in industrial production and in cleaning and environmental remediation sectors. The goal of industrial biotechnology is to develop new techniques and technologies to transform renewable raw materials into chemicals, materials, and fuels by the substitution of fossil fuels. With the increase in the world's population and the resultant growing energy demand, the need for more energy can be successfully met with the advancements in industrial biotechnology. Currently across the globe significant research has been undertaken in the production of cleaner fuels, materials, and semi-synthetic chemicals, with environmental benefits. Developing countries have huge agricultural resources that could be utilized for production of value-added byproducts for the sustainable development of bio-based economy. The book opens with the chapter on the production of exopolysaccharides from halophilic microorganisms, a polymer that is normally very useful in various production sectors of the food, pharmaceutical, and petroleum industries. The book goes on to cover: The production of antimicrobial compounds from alkaliphilic bacteriaThermophilic actinomycetesFood, agro, and pharmaceutical potential and biotechnological applications of biosurfactants, halophiles, cyclodextrin glycosyl transferease, fungal chitinase, proteases, yeasts and yeast products Also covered in the book are the environmental aspects of industrial biotechnology such as the genetic enhancement for biofuel production, the production of biodegradable thermoplastics, advancements in the synthesis of bio-oil, ecofriendly treatment of agro-based lignocelluloses, and anaerobic bio reactors for hydrocarbon remediation.The international roster of chapter authors have been chosen for their renowned expertise and contribution to the various fields of industrial biotechnology. This book is suitable to chemists, biotechnologists from research institutes, academia, and students as well as for industry professionals

This book focuses on important aspects of materials chemistry by providing an overview of the theoretical aspects of materials chemistry, by describing the characterization and analysis methods for materials, and by explaining physical transport mechanisms in various materials. Not only does this book summarize the classical theories of materials chemistry, but also it exhibits their engineering applications in response to the current key issues. The chapters provide practical equations, figures, and references, providing suitable complement to the text. This book is designed to provide important information for scientists and engineers on experimental research in materials chemistry using modern methods. The methods and instrumentation described represent modern analytical techniques useful to researchers, product development specialists, and quality control experts in polymer synthesis and manufacturing.

This new volume presents leading-edge research in the rapidly changing and evolving field of chemical materials characterization and modification. The topics in the book reflect the diversity of research advances in physical chemistry and electrochemistry, focusing on the preparation, characterization, and applications of polymers and high-density materials. Also covered are various manufacturing techniques. Focusing on the most technologically important materials being utilized and developed by scientists and engineers, the book will help to fill the gap between theory and practice in industry.This comprehensive anthology covers many of the major themes of physical chemistry and electrochemistry, addressing many of the major issues, from concept to technology to implementation. It is an important reference publication that provides new research and updates on a variety of physical chemistry and electrochemistry uses through case studies and supporting technologies, and it also explains the conceptual thinking behind current uses and potential uses not yet implemented. International experts with countless years of experience lend this volume credibility.

This important and comprehensive book is designed to provide information on crop diseases and how to manage those diseases. Covering a multitude of crops and diseases, the book presents integrated approaches on managing diseases that affect such crops as: Cereal and crop plants, such as maize, pigeon pea, chickpeas, and urd/mung beansOil seed crops, such as groundnut, soybeans, and linseed Horticultural crops, such as citrus, onions, garlic, cucurbitaceae, Colocasia, roses, Stevia rebaudiana, betelvine, jute, and sunhempThe book thoroughly covers the symptoms, causes, disease cycles, and management approaches for many diseases that affect useful agricultural crops.Edited by two professors and researchers with years of experience in teaching on crop diseases, this book is suitable for students in agricultural sciences and helps to cover the recently modified course curricula in India that increases coverage of crop diseases. Crop Diseases and Their Management is also a handy reference for plant protection experts, vegetable specialists, horticultural officers, and extension workers.

>UN studies show that high-income, developed nations treat about 70 percent of their wastewater. However, in low-income developing nations, only 8 percent of wastewater undergoes any kind of treatment. Inadequate water treatment has serious consequences for both human health and the environment. The articles in this compendium provide a representative cross sample of both developing and developed nations' water treatment facilities. Included are the following topics: Reclaimed water for irrigation reuse in developing countriesSludge-handling practices in MicronesiaThe removal of phthalate esters from Chinese water sourcesDisposal of domestic wastewater in NigeriaAmeba-enrichment in a South African water treatment plantBioenergy from wastewater produced by a Brazilian meat-processing plantThe presence of various pharmaceutical contaminants in the River ThamesWastewater recycling in GreeceThe impact on surface water from contaminants released from German water treatment plantsA Canadian constructed wetland's effectiveness for the removal of various contaminants from wastewaterAccessing irrigation from treated wastewater in the United StatesThe spacial distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in the groundwater beneath two American water treatment plantsDetection of contamination from retinoid acid reception agonists in Japanese water treatment plantsThe editor, a respected international expert in the field, has selected investigations that offer essential information for ongoing research at the graduate and professional levels, as well as for environmental engineers and others responsible for choosing the most efficient water treatment technologies.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Research into the effects of child abuse has experienced an explosion over the last few decades, resulting in a far more wide-ranging understanding of this grave societal problem. This compendium volume collects some of the most recent research and organizes it within three categories: societal effects, effects on health (including mental health) behaviors, and epigenetic effects. Specific topics include the associations between childhood abuse and the following factors: Juvenile sexual offendingJuvenile delinquencyAdult aggressionCognitive developmentAdult smokingSleep patternsSuicidal behaviorsPsychopathologyEpigenomic mechanismsEdited by a Harvard developmental behavioral pediatrician, this important compendium offers state-of-the-art knowledge to professionals and graduate students in the helping fields. The articles collected here provide researchers with foundations for further investigations, while they give active professionals greater power in the fight against child abuse.

This new collection covers a wide variety of research on the ecological aspects of crops growing under stress conditions due to atmospheric changes and pollution and the impact on both plant and human health. The book provides research that will help to find ways to overcome adverse abiotic environmental factors and unfavorable anthropogenic pressures on crop plants, which also eventually impact human health.Divided into six parts, leading authors from many institutes provide and share new knowledge gained from studies on ecological and genetic controls of plant resistance to various adverse environmental factors. Geneticists and breeders are creating new cultivars and hybrids of crops, which greatly expand the range of source material. The book includes a range of material on the biology, genetics, and breeding of crops, taking into account ecological and climatic conditions, with emphasis on the impact to humans. The main agricultural crops are studied: cereals, fodder crops, and horticultural plants. The chapters include the interaction of plant-soil-environment, ways of using plants as anticancer drugs, and other important problems and trends in agricultural and nature management.The role of different genetic and agronomical approaches to improving plant productivity and seasonal and profile dynamics of elements of soil acidity are considered. With the increasing demand and consumption of vegetables and fruits (by themselves or as additions to other foods), new agricultural methods are needed to overcome the deficit, and these new methods pose new concerns. The book includes: Plant breeding under adverse conditions of acid soilsNew studies in horticultural crop scienceEcological peculiarities of particular regions and cytogenetic anomalies of the local human populationPhenogenetic studies of cultivated plants and biological properties of the seedsAnthropogenic pressure on environmental and plant diversityMethods of evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative characters of selection samplesThe research found here will be valuable to agricultural engineers and others and is applicable at both regional and international levels.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. Climate change is a significant threat to humanity's future. Culturally, politically, economically, and personally, however, we are all deeply embedded in a system that continues to send us on a collision course that leads directly toward this threat. At this point, climate change is inevitable. What we must do now is to find ways to prepare-and do all we can to slow our race to disaster. This means that a transition to a lower-carbon economy is unavoidable.Biochemical research is vitally necessary for the transition we must make, and it will be an essential component of any climate policy. To that end, the editors have collected within this compendium the most recent and relevant research in this field. Included are: Initial chapters explaining climate change impact and sustainability issuesChapters focusing on biochemicals and biotechnologies that offer potential for offsetting and preparing for climate changeA section on the challenges that must be acknowledged, assessed, and overcomeA final chapter that offers 12 reasons why safe climate policy is affordableThese articles do not merely summarize answers that have already been found. Graduate students and scientific researchers will find these chapters also point the way toward future investigations that are still urgently needed. Policymakers and graduate-level environmental policy students will also find much food for thought within this compendium.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The quantity and quality of waste generated and discharged into natural water bodies is a topic of serious concern. Consequently, there is a need for different strategies to address wastewater treatment and subsequent reuse, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water shortages are the rule. Biological treatment processes constitute crucial tools in the biodegradation of organic matter, transformation of toxic compounds into harmless products, and nutrient removal in wastewater microbiology.Edited by a professor of genetics and microbiology with extensive research, this compendium provides an overview of the most current research into many facets of wastewater bioremediation. The book is broken into three sections: microbial communities for wastewater treatment, environmental factors, and treatments. It provides discussions on biological treatment processes for different types of wastewater, such as municipal wastewater and wastewater from tanneries; how environmental factors such as season dynamics affect the diversity of bacteria; and applications and treatment.The range of topics presented will be valuable for biological engineers and others involved with wastewater management. Researchers will find a wealth of studies that will prove fruitful for future investigation.

Efficient Management of Wastewater from Manufacturing is an accessible research compendium, highly useful for anyone involved with the phytosanitaries, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, or textile industries. The editor, Victor Monsalvo, is a well-respected expert in the field who has included many of his own studies. He has also enlisted articles from other researchers from around the world. Together, they offer a range of treatment methodologies for manufacturing wastewater, including anaerobic processes and catalyzation. They focus on advanced treatment processes that would improve current efficiency and reduced energy costs. Feasibility and potential problems are also thoroughly discussed, creating a realistic and practical research collection.Included within the book are chapters on the following topics: An overview of pesticide toxicityMore efficient anaerobic treatments for agricultural wastewaterWastewater treatment methodologies for specific sectors of the food-production industry, including slaughterhouses, fish processing plants, dairies, fruit canning factories, and wineriesBiological treatment systems for wastewater containing cosmetic and pharmaceutical chemicals and byproductsImproved methodologies for removing dye from textile wastewaterThe range of topics will be of practical use to chemical, civil, and environmental engineers. Researchers at the graduate level will find here a wealth of studies that will prove fruitful for future investigation.

The tenth and final volume in the series Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation, this valuable book focuses on new and recent innovations in technology, methods, and applications for micro irrigation. The book covers a wide variety of topics, including successes in micro irrigation in India, how new methods have helped the local economies in several areas, ways to enhance crop yield through new building programs, and new technology and systems. It looks at different aspects of these new innovations in micro irrigation, including economic impact, evaluation methods, bubbler systems, success with particular crops, scheduling, and more.