Books published by BAR Publishing

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006) Volume 32This book includes papers from Session WS28 'Defining a Methodological Approach to Interpret Structural Evidence' edited by Fabio Cavulli and papers from Sessions C69, C70 and C71 'Archaeometry' edited by Maria Isabel Prudêncio and Maria Isabel Dias.

Proceedings of the IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Chieti (Italy), 24-26 February 200584 papers.Introduction by S. Trinchese.Preliminary editing by L. Cherstich.Castel Manfrino excavation edited by S. Antonelli.

This study surveys sites across southern France and Spain to shed more light on lithic industries, in particular on assemblages rich with denticulates. It looks at issues of dating, the position of such tools in the stratigraphy, at production and usage.

This study looks at the changes that were taking place within later Iron Age society in East Anglia (the counties of Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk, England) and the rise of complexity on both a macro and micro scale. To do this the author focuses on feasting and consumption and the role it played in changing the face of society during the Iron Age. It is not just food or drink themselves that are important, but also their consumption as a social event. The research focuses on a number of issues: Recognising the feast in the archaeological record; Separating the feast from daily cuisine and the relationship between them; and through her dataset, the author considers over time (and space): The structure and symbolism of the feast; The specific events that are marked by archaeologically visible feasts and whether this changes over time and space; How feasts were organised, which is in turn linked to; Agency - who is holding the feasts and for whom? Who is doing the consuming and who is acquiring the items for feasting? How many people attended these events - can this be distinguished in the archaeological record? How are feasts involved in lifecycles, both temporally and spatially? Consequently, this research enhances current knowledge of Iron Age society through an investigation of feasts and their social effects. By identifying known major social changes in Iron Age Britain, the author has been able to demonstrate how these events are reflected or articulated in feasting practices, and has highlighted new ways in which to identify feasts and the different modes of consumption through a reanalysis of old sites and the study of new ones. Additionally, this research has sought to fill some gaps in our knowledge of Iron Age Britain and brought research into East Anglia up to the same standard achieved in Wessex. As well as providing a new and important perspective to the study of Iron Age Britain, this work will aid the understanding of Iron Age society as a whole.

For one of the most isolated provinces in the Roman Empire, the archaeology of Roman Britain has been one of the most researched areas. However, the coverage is not complete and this study focuses on one of the neglected areas - what the tombstones of Roman Britain reveal about epigraphy, gender and familial relations throughout the 1st and 3rd centuries AD. Much of this study refers to the Romanisation of Britain during this period of time. Chapter 1 looks at the social significance of tombstones and burial customs; Chapter 2 contains the analysis by categorization of gender and age; Chapter 3 details the dedicators of Romano-British tombstones; Chapter 4 discusses the epigraphic and artistic significance of the tombstones; Chapter 5 details the materials and dimensions. There are six data Appendices presenting the chronological analyses, and separate studies of civilian and military tombstones.

This study compares evidence for medieval ships and shipbuilding from archaeological sources with contemporary depictions in manuscripts. Traditionally evidence in illuminated manuscripts has been treated with caution and scepticism when it comes to medieval maritime study, and Joe Flatman attempts to assess more accurately their accuracy.

This collection of essays look at the availability and use of lithic raw materials across the Near East. The essays each cover a particular region, with an introductory article which sets out the key issues in the study of chert exploitation in the Near East, and reviews the hitherto available research.

The aim of this work is to study the issue of agriculture on hillsides through the use of terraces, according to a multidisciplinary and multiscalar approach (in time and space). Mediterranean hillsides are frequently covered with terraces. These are generally dedicated to agriculture, whatever the sociocultural contexts are. All Mediterranean regions are subject to the same regime of rainfall, often violent and very localized in time. Therefore, farmers face the problem of soil erosion and management of their water resources. Questions concerning the causes, techniques and chronology of these constructions are considered. Recent researches carried out in several Mediterranean countries underline the part played by terracing in the shaping of Mediterranean landscapes from the Neolithic period to the present time, and its importance among ancient societies. These researches show that the emergence of the agricultural terracing technique originated in not one but several locations, that this technique was put into practice at least from as early as the Bronze age in the western as well as in the eastern Mediterranean, and that the variety of techniques employed are not mainly connected to chrono-cultural factors but are first bound to environmental conditions. The author selects for her researches areas from Spain, France, Italy, Greece, the Near East and North Africa.

Volume 2: Finds from the excavations 1999-2003University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No. 6Between 1999 and 2003 the University of Southampton conducted excavations on the site of Quseir al-Qadim (western shores of the Red Sea), a place that had not been examined since the excavations by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicagoended in 1982. The new work was prompted by the discovery that the site of Quseir al-Qadim was, in all probability, not that of the minor port of Leucos Limen, as had been previously thought, but none other than Myos Hormos. This port, together with its sister harbour Berenike, articulated Rome's trade with India and the East. This second volume concentrates on the finds made during the excavation period and the volume concludes with an overview of what we now know of the nature and function of the ports of Myos Hormos and Quseir al-Qadim and a discussion of outstanding problems which can only be resolved by further work.With contributions by Lucy Blue, Rebecca Bridgman, Penny Copeland, Alison Cox, Rowena Gale, David Graf, Sheila Hamilton-Dyer, Fiona Handley, John Healey, Anne Macklin, Jacob Morales, David Peacock, Jill Phillips, Anne Regourd, Wilfried Van Rengen, Steven Sidebotham, Ross Thomas, Roberta Tomber, Marijke van der Veen and Julian Whitewright. Illustrations by Penny Copeland and Julian Whitewright.

Archaeolingua Central European Series 6Méhtelek lies in the easternmost corner of County Szabolcs-Szatmár (Carpathians, eastern Hungary). The importance of this archaeological site is manifold. The finds from the 1973 excavation and the fresh archaeological information provided by the site confirmed earlier speculations that the broader region had been part of the Early Neolithic world. The finds enabled the separation of the Méhtelek group, a variant of the Körös culture of the Alföld (the Hungarian Plain), as well as the precise cultural and chronological attribution of several assemblages of stray finds, which had earlier simply been classified as Neolithic, to the Méhtelek group of the Alföld Körös culture. Assemblages related to or identical with the finds from Méhtelek came to light in the north-easterly region of the Alföld (principally in County Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg) and in the neighbouring regions of Romania and the Ukraine. Although the number of known sites is low, the currently known fourteen sites outline the boundaries of the group's distribution. The number of sites will undoubtedly increase in the future. Owing to various technical and other reasons, many decades have elapsed between the site's excavation and the publication of the final report on the Méhtelek site and its finds. No more than a few preliminary and incomplete reports have been published to date, some of them leading to misunderstandings and erroneous conclusions. The time is more than ripe for the publication of this report.

Egglestone marble, also known as Teesdale marble, is one of a group of so-called sedimentary 'marbles', such as the better-known Purbeck and Tournai marbles, in which natural calcite cement has filled the original pore-spaces to such an extent that the stone is capable of receiving a high polish. Its merits include its attractive grey-brown surface finish when polished, its suitability when freshly quarried for detailed carving, and the fact that it is capable of being extracted in very large blocks and slabs. The description of the stone in this study is based on polished samples taken from the quarry known as 'Abbey Quarry', in the picturesque landscape in the North Riding of Yorkshire (England). Egglestone marble has received little attention in the past, perhaps because there is no evidence of its use for building purposes. No examples have been found of its deployment for columns or other structural elements in buildings, but there is a wealth of material and documentary evidence of its widespread employment for other artefacts, and this work provides a thorough study of the them and their settings.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006), Volume 13, Session WS21This book includes papers from the Session 'WS21 Fuel Management during the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Periods: New tools, new interpretations' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress in September 2006.

Proceedings of the XI Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Istanbul Technical University, 24-29 April 2007This book includes papers from the 11th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology held at Istanbul Technical University, 24 to 29 April 2007.

This investigation explores the possibility of locating property which belonged to a monastery founded in the Anglo-Saxon period.The study concentrates on the estates of Winchcombe Abbey, Gloucestershire, examining their composition, extent and changes.It investigates endowments referred to in historical sources and endeavours to locate medieval features in the 21st-century landscape with a specific focus on the manor of Sherborne, Gloucestershire.Despite many problems encountered, the locations of most of the assets have been established and some boundaries and specific landscape features identified.

Ancient Egyptian bronze sculpture appears in many major European and North American museum collections, but its inadequate study makes the sculpture very difficult to analyze. The aim of the present study is to analyze and organize the corpus of priestly bronze statuary, a rather large subgroup of non-royal ancient Egyptian bronze statuary. To this end, the author utilizes several factors intrinsic to each three-dimensional figure: epigraphical, stylistical, contextual, and technical, to show the temporal development of the ancient Egyptian priest and priestly figure in bronze. With this study the author provides a foundation for further study in the area of non-royal bronze statuary in general and a clearer view of the artistic contribution of priestly bronze statuary in particular, as well as a better understanding of the role and development of priestly bronze statuary.

Our conception of the Mycenaean economy has been considerably altered in recent times. The palatial administration has gone from being conceived of as a centralized, almost totalitarian bureaucracy that collected and subsequently redistributed goods to the society at large, to one that is conceived of as predominantly interested in mobilizing resources almost solely for the purpose of producing its own elite goods. Alternative foci of economic power have been recognized, the damos and the religious sector. In this work the author thoroughly explores the clues to the latter's economic activities as they appear in the Linear B tablets and the archaeological record in order to better understand the economic role of the religious sector in Mycenaean society. In addition, the author bears in mind that economic power can bring social and political power. Indeed, they are very often intertwined; therefore she also examines, where possible, the indications that the religious sector wielded some influence within their communities and with respect to the palatial authority. The early chapters, before delving into the archaeological and Linear B evidence concerning the economic activities of the religious sector, explore exactly what the author means when referring to a site as a workshop or a sanctuary, and the methods used in identifying such places. Chapter 3 is a discussion of the workshop-shrine connection as it is manifested in archaeological contexts outside of Mycenaean Greece. Chapter 4 turns to one of the bodies of evidence that has proved most useful for this study: the Pylos land tenure tablets which deal with the landholdings of Pa-ki-ja-ne. Chapter 5 focuses on the religious sector's involvement in other economic activities, including shepherding, textile production, bronze working, perfume production, and chariot and armor production. Chapter 6 investigates the Mycenaean archaeological material that appears to support the evidence found in the tablets for the involvement of the religious sector in industrial production.

The ability to age animals accurately is of great importance both to archaeologists and to wildlife managers. Archaeologists are also particularly interested in the ability to determine the season of death of mammals, in order to reach a greater understanding of how man was exploiting or responding to his environment. A number of methods of age determination are available to wildlife managers, who have the advantage of having an entire animal in good condition at their disposal. Archaeologists, however, have more limited resources, and often wish to attempt age, and even seasonality, assessments using only bones and teeth. Teeth survive very well in the ground, and can often reveal information that would otherwise be lost, such as the species, which were available, and whether they were being hunted, scavenged, or farmed. The principal aim of this research was to examine the scientific basis and methodology of incremental analysis in order to arrive at increased understanding of the British Mesolithic. The approach includes an examination of every aspect of incremental analysis: the scientific basis, the methodology of thin section production, microscopical techniques, and interpretation, in order to obtain the greatest possible amount of information from a rather specialised technique. The species chosen was Red deer, a common animal on archaeological sites in British prehistory.

Proceedings of the Third International Meeting of Anthracology, Cavallino - Lecce (Italy), June 28th - July 1st 2004This book includes papers from The Third International Meeting of Anthracology, entitled "Charcoals from the Past. Cultural and palaeoenvironmental implications", organized at Cavallino (Lecce) from 28th June to 1st July 2004.

This work examines the development of antiquarian and archaeological thought and practice in Cork, Ireland, from the early 1800s.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 3This study uses the perspectives of what might be termed the 'empirical tradition' of British landscape archaeology that developed in the 1960s and 1970s, especially in industrial archaeology, to explore the early modern history of the 'garden' landscapes formed by British colonialism in the eastern Caribbean, and their place in the world. It presents a detailed chronological sequence of the changing material conditions of these English-/British-owned plantation landscapes during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, with particular reference to the origins, history and legacies of the sugar industry. The study draws together the results of archaeological fieldwork and documentary research to present a progressive account of the historical landscapes of the islands of St Kitts and St Lucia: sketching a chronological outline of landscape change. This approach to landscape is characterised by the integration of archaeological field survey, standing buildings recording alongside documentary and cartographic sources, and focuses upon producing accounts of material change to landscapes and buildings. By providing a long-term perspective on eastern Caribbean colonial history: from the nature of early, effectively prehistoric contact and interaction in the 16th century, through early permanent European settlements and into the developed sugar societies of the 18th and 19th centuries, the study suggests a temporal and thematic framework of landscape change that might inform the further development of historical archaeology in the island Caribbean region. The broader aim of the study relates to exploring how archaeological techniques can be used to contribute a highly detailed, empirical case study to the interdisciplinary study of postcolonial landscapes and British colonialism. In order to achieve this goal, the study draws upon the techniques of what has been called the 'empirical tradition' of landscape archaeology.

This volume offers a selection of case studies on the interface between linguistics and archaeology. These case studies were presented at a session titled 'Archaeology and Language' at the XV Nordic Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference, held at the University of Copenhagen in April 2015. The main goal of the session was to present new and ongoing studies that combine aspects of archaeology and linguistics and theoretical perspectives on the field of archaeolinguistics, and to encourage new, fruitful studies on archaeology and language. The questions raised in this session concern the future of archaeolinguistic research. What can archaeologists and linguists learn from each other's disciplines? What kind of research questions are particularly suitable for future integrated studies?

Notebooks on Military Archaeology and Architecture 13Il libro illustra come il corridoio strategico, che univa la Spagna alle Fiandre, costituito da territori apparteneti all'Impero Spagnolo e corrispondenti agli attuali Belgio e Olanda, sia stato concepito, progettato, realizzato, difeso e infine smantellato. Gli eventi del "Cammino Spagnolo" sono ben noti grazie all'importante volume del professor Goeffrey Parker "The Army of Flanders and Spanish Road, 1576-1659". Nondimeno, pur in presenza di questo irrinunciabile studio, non tutta la materia è totalmente indagata e ben nota, soprattutto in merito al settore cruciale del tratto italiano del cammino. In questo lavoro l'autore vuole riferire non solo come un'armata si organizzasse nel passaggio da una destinazione all'altra, ma anche quale itinerario si scegliesse e come sia stato obbliterato dagli avversari della Spagna o da ostacoli naturali. Per descrivere questo processo storico l'autore ha coinvolto non soltanto l'esame delle fonti storiche e storiografiche, ma anche un importante strumento della moderna ricerca, la Conflict Archaeology, ovvero l'Archeologia Militare.This book describes how the strategic corridor that united Spain with Flanders (a territory belonging to the Spanish Empire, in what is today Belgium and the Netherlands), was conceived, designed, constructed, defended and dismantled. The events associated with the 'Spanish Road' are well known, thanks to the most important work on the subject, The Army of Flanders and Spanish Road, 1576-1659 by Professor Geoffrey Parker. However, despite this impressive study, not all of its history is perfectly clear and well understood, especially as relates to the crucial Italian sector. In this work, the author describes not only the way in which an army set off from one destination to another, but also how one route was chosen, and how it was cleared of opponents and of natural obstacles. To describe this process, the author calls not only on the historical and historiographical sources, but also on Conflict Archaeology, today a remarkable instrument of study.

Proceedings of the Third Postgraduate Conference in Studies of Antiquity and Middle Ages, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 23-25th November 2016Edited by Núria Pacheco Catalán, Ignacio Díaz Sierra, Marina Fernández Monterrubio, Isaac Lampurlanés Farré, Ariadna Martínez Guimerà, Marc Mendoza Sanahuja, Manel Pica Torné, Montserrat Rovira Rafecas and David Vázquez RuizEste volumen contiene las actas de las III Jornadas Predoctorales en Estudios de la Antigüedad y la Edad Media, celebradas en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona los días 23, 24 y 25 de noviembre de 2016 y cuyo eje fue el contacto entre culturas. Los participantes - procedentes de distintas disciplinas académicas - analizaron el conflicto, la asimilación y el intercambio entre sociedades distintas a lo largo de la Antigüedad y la Edad Media, tratando temas que iban desde el comercio e intercambio cultural hasta la guerra y el exterminio. El presente volumen está compuesto por 19 artículos escritos en español, italiano e inglés, que a su vez se dividen en cinco grandes apartados: "Aculturación e intercambio cultural", "Contacto entre religiones", "Guerra, colonización y movimientos migratorios", "Lingüística y literatura", y "Economía y Urbanismo".This volume consists of the proceedings of an interdisciplinary PhD workshop that took place at the Autonomous University of Barcelona on the 23rd, 24th and 25th of November 2016, which revolved around the issue of contacts between cultures during Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The participants - who come from diverse academic disciplines - analyse multiple aspects of these encounters, relationships and conflicts between different societies, from trade and cultural exchange to war and extermination, throughout ancient and medieval history. The volume is composed of nineteen papers written in Spanish, Italian and English, which are divided into five main categories: 'Acculturation and Cultural Exchanges', 'Contact between Religions', 'War, Colonisation and Migration Movements', 'Linguistics and Literature' and 'Economy and Urbanism'.

Notebooks on Military Archaeology and Architecture 12Nel Maggio e settembre 1860 iniziò la campagna di conquista del regno delle Due Sicilie a cura degli eserciti Garibaldino e Piemontese. Garibaldi conquistò Messina dopo due mesi mentre le fortificazioni Borboniche furono assediate dall'esercito Piemontese. L'assedio terminò nel marzo 1861, quando le artiglierie piemontesi costrinsero il nemico alla resa incondizionata. Il regno delle Due Sicilie divenne parte del regno d'Italia il 17 marzo 1861.La campagna angloamericana in Sicilia (Husky) fu la più imponente operazione anfibia della seconda guerra mondiale, riguardo le diviosni sbarcate il primo giorno e la lunghezza del fronte di sbarco. Il 9-10 luglio 1943 sbarcarono due divisioni con il principale obiettivo di conquistare Messina e intrappolare il nemico nell'isola, il quale si era ritirato verso lo Stretto di Messina fortificandolo e sviluppando i sistemi difensivi e di trasporo. Il 16-17 agosto le truppe Alleate conquistarono Messina mentre il nemico stava sbarcando sulla penisola italiana con una grande quantità di uomini, equipaggiamento e materiali, utili a continuare la guerra in Italia.In May and September 1860 the campaign to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by Garibaldi's army and the Piedmontese army began. Garibaldi reached Messina after two months, while the siege of Bourbon garrisons was undertaken by the Piedmontese army. The siege ended in March 1861, when the Piedmontese artillery forced the enemy to surrender unconditionally. The Kingdom of Two Sicilies became part of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.The Anglo-American campaign in Sicily (Husky) was the most impressive amphibious operation of World War II, in terms of the number of divisions landed on the first day and the length of the landing front. On 9-10 July 1943, two armies landed with the main objective of reaching Messina and trapping the enemy on the island, who, as they retreated towards the Strait of Messina, strengthened and improved their defence and transportation systems. On 16-17 August, the Allied troops reached Messina; meanwhile the enemy was landing on the Italian peninsula with a great number of men, together with equipment and other materials that would be used to continue the war in Italy.

This book examines health indicators in sites in northern Belize and compares the results to the larger context of the health of the ancient lowland Maya. The research was completed through the analysis of the skeletal populations of three sites and by comparing results both within and among those sites.

El Prado es uno de los escasos yacimientos al aire libre del Neolítico Antiguo de la mitad norte peninsular. En la excavación arqueológica han sido documentadas cincuenta estructuras negativas asociadas a un poblado del Neolítico Antiguo con dataciones absolutas ca. 5295-4690 cal BC. Desde el punto de vista tipológico y funcional se documentan silos y fosas revestidas, fosas/cubetas no revestidas, fosas funerarias, estructuras relacionadas con el aprovechamiento del agua y una estructura de combustión. También hay una fosa ritual de tipo votivo del Neolítico Final (4045-3299 BC). Se presenta un estudio multidisciplinar del único asentamiento al aire libre del Neolítico Antiguo que ha sido excavado íntegramente en el interior peninsular. Es un trabajo inédito que contribuye a explicar los primeros asentamientos neolíticos del oeste de Europa y las sociedades segmentarias a partir del uso del espacio, la cerámica, la industria lítica, el ritual funerario, la bioarqueología, el paleoambiente y la fauna.El Prado is one of the few open-air Early Neolithic sites in the northern half of Spain. In the archaeological excavation of the site, fifty negative structures associated with an Early Neolithic settlement were documented, with absolute datings ca. 5295-4690 cal BC. From the typological and functional points of view, there are storage pits, coated pits, uncoated pits, burial pits, water storage structures and a Polynesian oven. There is also a votive-type ritual pit of the Late Neolithic (4045-3299 cal BC). The authors here present a multidisciplinary study of the only Early Neolithic open-air settlement that has been entirely excavated in the interior of Iberia. 'Life and Death in the Early Neolithic Settlement of El Prado (Pancorbo, Burgos): Constructing the Neolithic in Iberia' is a previously unpublished study that helps to explain the first Neolithic settlements of Western Europe and segmental societies, through analyses of the use of space, ceramics, lithic tools, funerary ritual, bioarchaeology, the paleoenvironment and faunal remains.

Il libro prende le mosse dall'utilizzo integrato delle geotecnologie applicate all'Archeologia dei Paesaggi, al fine di fornire una ricostruzione della strada romana Catania-Agrigento, con un'enfasi particolare sul sito di Sofiana (probabilmente la mansio Philosophianis citata nell'Itinerarium Antonini) ed il territorio ad esso pertinente. I risultati del presente lavoro suggeriscono che la strada possa essere stata costruita in età Augustea, probabilmente nell'ambito della riorganizzazione della Provincia voluta da Augusto all'indomani della sua vittoria su Sesto Pompeo. Da questa prospettiva, insediamenti protourbani come quello di Philosophiana, la cui cultura materiale mostra un grande afflusso di prodotti provenienti dall'Africa e dal Mediterraneo orientale, potrebbero essere visti sotto una nuova luce, come parte di un programma più ampio basato su nuove esigenze politiche e di scambio. Ciò potrebbe anche, in parte, spiegare il declino di alcuni centri come quello di Morgantina ed il sorgerne di nuovi come quello di Philosophiana.This book focuses on the integrated application of geotechnologies and landscape archaeology to the goal of providing a reconstruction of the Roman road that connected Catania and Agrigento, with an emphasis on the central site of Sofiana (probably the mansio Philosophianis cited in the Antonine Itinerary) and its hinterland. The results of this study suggest that the road was built in the Augustan age, probably in the context of the reorganization of the Province undertaken by Augustus after his victory against Sextus Pompey. From this perspective, urban-type settlements such as Philosophiana, the material culture of which shows an intensive supply of products from Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean, should probably be seen in a more nuanced light, as part of a larger programme based on new trade and political needs. This may also partly explain the demise of some settlements, such as Morgantina, and the rise of others, such as Philosophiana.

Cette monographie porte sur l'étude d'un établissement portuaire (Bey-144), qui a fait l'objet d'une fouille de sauvetage à Beyrouth en 2003. Elle comprend un essai d'interprétation des vestiges architecturaux et stratigraphiques du site ainsi qu'une étude du matériel céramique qui en provient, dans une fourchette chronologique qui s'étend de la fin de la période perse/ début de l'époque hellénistique à l'arrivée des Romains dans la région. L'intérêt de ce travail réside dans son apport à l'histoire et à l'archéologie de Beyrouth et dans les perspectives de recherches qu'il permet de livrer aujourd'hui sur plusieurs aspects politiques, économiques et socio-culturels de la cité et sur sa place dans les réseaux levantins et méditerranéens.This monograph investigates Bey-144, a site located in the harbour area of Beirut that underwent a rescue excavation in 2003. It includes a study of its architectural remains and its stratigraphy, as well as a comprehensive catalogue of the ceramic assemblage that came from the site, with a chronological range that extends from the end of the Persian/beginning of the Hellenistic period until the rise of the Roman era. The interest of this work resides in its contribution to the archaeology and the history of Beirut, and in the research perspectives it yields on several political, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the city and its place in the Levantine and Mediterranean networks.

This volume contains 11 articles that spring from the conference 'Bridging the Danube: Roman Occupation and Interaction in the Middle and Lower Danube Valley, 1st-5th c. AD' (Timi¿oara, 2014). The papers present current research by East European scholars at sites such as Novae, Viminacium and Drobeta. The volume is, in part, intended to stimulate awareness amongst western scholars of the importance of the provinces of Moesia, Dacia and Thracia in the history of the Roman Empire and the research potential in the region. Topics include the effect of the Romans on native settlements and defensive systems, the integration of modern technology and historical maps in archaeological surveys, the food supply of the Roman army, Roman defensive systems, funerary practices, demographic issues concerning Roman soldiers and settlers in the Danubian provinces, and imperial portraiture.

The primary goal of this book is to determine whether there are convergences or divergences in the positioning of cave art, through the combined study of the parietal art and the specific space in which it was executed. The methodology proposed analyses a series of variables: the presence of archaeological context, the specific location of the figures, the cave transit, the spaces selected and their potential visibility and capacity. The methodology proposed has been applied to eight caves: Covaciella, Chufín, El Linar, Las Chimeneas, Las Monedas, La Pasiega, Covalanas and Pondra. The analyses allow the author to document the existence of graphic planning through the position of the depictions. In the Cantabrian Region, spaces that allow the presence of individuals or small groups were preferentially selected, though there are also areas that potentially could have room for larger groups of more than twenty people. Moreover, chronological differences have been observed. These may indicate different functions, uses and meaning for the cave art throughout the Upper Palaeolithic.El punto de partida es definir si existen convergencias o divergencias en el posicionamiento del arte parietal a través del estudio combinado del arte paleolítico y el espacio concreto en el que fue ejecutado. La metodología propuesta analiza una serie de variables: la presencia de contexto arqueológico, la localización específica de las grafías, el tipo de tránsito cavernario, los espacios seleccionados, la visibilidad y aforo. La metodología propuesta se ha aplicado a ocho cavidades -Covaciella, Chufín, El Linar, Las Chimeneas, Las Monedas, La Pasiega, Covalanas y Pondra-. Los análisis nos han permitido documentar la existencia de una planificación basada en el posicionamiento de las figuras. En la Región Cantábrica se seleccionaron preferentemente espacios que dan cabida a individuos o grupos de pequeño tamaño aunque también existen áreas que potencialmente podrían haber albergado grupos de más de veinte personas. Además, hemos observado diferencias de carácter cronológico. Éstas pueden indicar funciones, usos y significados diferentes del arte parietal a lo largo del Paleolítico superior.