Books published by BAR Publishing

Dieses Buch präsentiert die archäozoologische Untersuchung von 9,000 bestimmbaren Funden aus der mittelneolithischen Kreisgrabenanlage Friebritz-Süd in Niederösterreich. Nach dem Tierknochenmaterial zu schließen, basierte dieSubsistenzwirtschaft des mittelneolithischen Dorfes von Friebritz in hohem Maße auf Jagd. Der größte Anteil davon (41% des Gewichtes der Säugetierknochen) entfiel auf die Reste des Auerochsen. Die hohe Anzahl an Wildtierresten (30 verschiedene Arten) lieferte vielfältige Informationen über die lokale Ökologie und Landschaft. Es waren Arten einer locker bewaldeten, sommerwarmen Hügellandschaft mit eingestreuten Feuchtgebieten. Die Haustiere der Lengyel-Zeit glichen noch weitgehend ihren primitiven Vorgängerpopulationen aus der Linearbandkeramik. Das Hausrind dominierte unter den domestizierten Tieren mit knapp 30%. Eine Sekundärnutzung der Haustiere ist im höchsten Falle im Anfangsstadium nachweisbar. Im allgemein zeigen die archäozoologischen Ergebnisse aus der Kreisgrabenanlage Friebritz-Süd viele Ähnlichkeiten zu anderen Befunden dieser Periode. Die Tierknochen aus Friebritz-Süd, und vor allem der hohe Anteil an Auerochsen, ermöglichten schließlich die Entwicklung einer verbesserten Methodik zur Unterscheidung von Hausund Wildrind.This book presents the archaeozoological study of 9,000 identified finds from the middle Neolithic circular ditch Friebritz-Süd in Lower Austria. According to the faunal remains, the inhabitants of Friebritz based their economy to a great extent on hunting activities.

Cattle (Bos taurus), domesticated from the extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius), has been an important animal to many human societies since prehistoric times. Cattle provides not only meat for subsistence, but also hide, blood, dung, milk and traction that contribute to the organization of human beliefs, cultural attitudes and social complexity. This book provides the widest range of cattle bone biometrical information from the Early Neolithic period to the Early Bronze Age (10000 to 3600 years ago) and investigates the morphological variation of this animal from a biological point of view: the main indicator for tracing domestication. The results suggest that cattle in ancient China was imported from the Near East around 4,300 years ago and made their first appearance in the Yellow River Valley. Once they had arrived in central China, these small-sized domesticated cattle soon spread and was exploited intensively from then on.

More than 800 hoards of medieval precious metal coins are known from England and Wales, but the phenomenon as a whole remains poorly understood: who made coin hoards, what did they put in them, how did they assemble them, where did they bury them, and, ultimately, why did they do it? This book provides a pioneering analysis of the archaeological and numismatic evidence for coin hoarding in medieval England and Wales, using innovative multivariate and spatial techniques to shed fresh light on the behaviours, motivations, and mentalités behind the formation and deposition of coin hoards during in the period c.973-1544. It is accompanied by a digital gazetteer describing the 815 hoards used in the study, the largest and most comprehensive corpus ever assembled for this region and period.

In the ancient world, bronzes - from over-lifesize sculptures to small-scale utilitarian objects - were an omnipresent and integral part of everyday public and private life. Bronze was also a valuable resource. From a scientific point of view, recent decades have seen new methods of analysis to reconstruct the production processes of ancient bronzes. At the same time, research on ancient bronze sculpture continues to rely on art historical theories and methodologies in discussions of style and chronology. Irrespective of the nature of the object -be it sculpture, tool, or weapon - role and function must be studied in conjunction with the archaeological context with which the objects were once associated. The proceedings of the XXth International Congress on Ancient Bronzes address these key topics, bringing together experts from different backgrounds to investigate further the developing studies in the field of ancient bronzes.

El objetivo principal de este libro es brindar una aproximación al modo de vida y muerte de la gente común de la bahía de Ancón, ubicada en la Costa Central del Perú, quiénes vivieron y murieron bajo el dominio del imperio Wari e Inca, como también bajo el grupo local autónomo Chancay (800-1532d.C). Para esta investigación se propuso una metodología multidisciplinaria que integra información desde las primeras excavaciones llevadas a cabo por Reiss y Stübel al final del siglo XIX, las excavaciones de Julio C.Tello a inicios del siglo XX, análisis de material de lo excavado por el Dr. Kauffman y reconstruciones 3D de fardos funerarios. Mediante el estudio del patrón funerario de las tumbas y fardos, como también de indicadores de salud encontrados en el esqueleto tales como marcas de actividad y nutricionales, entre otros se concluye que el imperio Wari y el grupo local Chancay impactó sobre la población de Ancón, no así durante el Imperio Inca.The main goal of this book is to reconstruct the lifestyle and death of the dwellers of Ancon bay, located on the Central Coast of Peru. These people lived and died under Wari and Inca Imperial rule, as well as during the occupation of the site by a local autonomous group named Chancay (800-1532AD). For this investigation, a multidisciplinary methodology is proposed that combines information from the first excavations carried out by Reiss and Stübel at the end of the XIXth century, from excavations of Julio C. Tello at the beginning of the XXth century, with material analysis from Dr. Kauffman's excavations and 3D reconstructions of funerary bundles. By studying both funerary patterns from tombs and bundles, as well as health indicators found on the skeletons such us activity and nutritional markers, among others, we concluded that the health of the people of Ancon was impacted strongly by the different occupations.

Foreign-run excavations are a significant component of archaeological research in Turkey, however, conservation work carried out at these excavations has never been examined holistically. B. Nilgün Öz investigates archaeological conservation at foreign-run excavations at 19 sites across Turkey to identify the scale and nature of differing contributions, determining changing approaches and issues impacting conservation practices, as well as possible catalysts, influences and driving forces. Through a systematic appraisal of the variety of conservation work between 1979 and 2014, this research contributes to a wider understanding of the dynamics of archaeological heritage management and archaeological conservation as it is practiced in Turkey at foreign-run projects. This thought-provoking and timely book will be a valuable resource to students and scholars of archaeology, architecture, conservation, heritage and history.

This work represents the archaeological investigation of a distinctive zone of the Three Rivers Region (TRR) of far northwestern Belize. The zone is dominated by the Alacranes Bajo, a seasonally inundated karstic depression bordered by the settlements of Nojol Nah and Tulix Mul. Understanding the relationship of the settlements to the bajo and to the wider political landscape of the TRR contributes to the knowledge of land use by the ancient Maya. This book investigates whether the settlements on the eastern edge of the Alacranes Bajo could be described as bajo-centric. Were they specifically located with the purpose of utilising the bajo's resources? Or, do the settlements fit a wider pattern characteristic of the TRR? To address these questions, excavations were undertaken of households, monumental structures, and landscape features associated with the sites in question. The results of the excavations are described and assessed within the local, regional and inter-regional context.

Resting in Peace or in Pieces? studies Tomb I, a tholos type structure found in the Perdigões Archaeological Complex (Évora, Portugal) from the first half of the 3rd millennium BC. The human bone sample (61926 bone fragments and 1579 teeth) found in Tomb I was highly fragmented and skeletonised elements were found completely disarticulated. This book takes a twofold approach to the study of the skeletal sample from Tomb I. The monument is studied according to the archaeological phases defined during field work, which explains the possible differentiated uses of the tomb through time. The skeletal sample is then studied as a whole, regardless of phases of use. Lucy Shaw Evangelista uses the data obtained to paleodemographically reconstruct the individuals buried in the tomb, comparing them with other funerary structures inside and outside the Perdigões ditched enclosures. This research broadens our understanding of mortuary practices and collective burials in Chalcolithic Portugal, situating it within the wider European Copper Age context.

Grotta dei Cervi di Porto Badisco venne scoperta nel 1970 dal Gruppo Speleologico "De Lorentiis". Lo stesso anno iniziarono gli scavi dell'allora Soprintendente Felice Gino Lo Porto, che in due successive campagne, 1970 e 1971, indagò quelli che oggi sono conosciuti come "Ingresso Est" e "Ingresso Ovest". Grotta dei Cervi fu un santuario di richiamo internazionale per tutto il Neolitico e l'età dei Metalli. La frequentazione della Grotta fu continuativa dagli inizi del VI sino alla fine del II millennio a. C. La presenza di manufatti particolari testimonia contatti con regioni distanti, che vanno dall'area tirrenica ligure alle zone del Mediterraneo orientale e che rimandano a un patrimonio simbolico comune. In questo lavoro si presentano i dati emersi dallo studio dei manufatti ottenuti su materia dura animale, provenienti dagli scavi 1970-1971. Oggetti di vita quotidiana e oggetti di culto che permettono di avere un quadro più ampio delle antiche civiltà.Grotta dei Cervi was discovered in 1970 by the Speleological Group "De Lorentiis". The first investigations date back to 1970 and 1971 and were carried out by the then Superintendent to the Antiquities F. G. Lo Porto. He excavated the eastern and western cavities. Grotta dei Cervi represented an important sanctuary during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The cave was uninterruptedly frequented from the beginning of the 6th millennium to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. The occurrence of exotic material testifies to relationships with distant countries, among them the Tyrrhenian coast of Liguria and the eastern Mediterranean area, suggesting the use of a common symbolic heritage. In this book the study of bone tools found during the 1970-71 excavations is presented. They represent daily life and cultural objects that allow us to have a broader picture of ancient civilisations.

The Early Medieval Archaeology Student Symposium was created in 2007 to provide a platform for research students and early career archaeologists focusing on the early medieval period (c. AD 300 - 1200) to discuss and present their work. Over the years, the symposium has become a major event at which new and interdisciplinary research is presented in the field. The 12th Annual Early Medieval Archaeology Student Symposium (EMASS 2018) was held in Glasgow from 19 - 21 April and was jointly hosted by the University of Glasgow and the Glasgow School of Art. Twenty-one papers and four posters by a total of forty individuals were presented over two days, of which nine are included in this volume. These papers highlight interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological approaches which have led to new and innovative research on the early medieval period.

L'Età del Bronzo Medio (meta' XV - meta' XIII secolo a.C.) rappresenta un momento cruciale per lo sviluppo culturale delle comunità indigene siciliane, caratterizzato dall'intensificazione del rapporti con l'Egeo e l'Arcipelago Maltese e dagli effetti di tali rapporti osservabili soprattutto sulle pratiche mortuarie. Il presente volume è una e propria edizione postuma delle due necropoli siracusane di Cozzo del Pantano e Matrensa, tra le più importanti per questo periodo, indagate da Paolo Orsi rispettivamente nel 1893 e 1898 e solo parzialmente pubblicate. Lo studio complessivo di oltre 400 manufatti, presentato per la prima volta con un'aggiornata documentazione grafica e fotografica, l'analisi delle problematiche cronologiche ancora aperte, l'esame critico del multiforme fenomeno della religione funeraria insieme ad un inedita disamina delle complesse dinamiche di riuso dei cimiteri preistorici in epoca classica e post classica, fanno di esso un imprescindibile punto di riferimento nella letteratura scientifica sull'archeologia della Sicilia antica.For the cultural development of the Sicilian indigenous communities, the Middle Bronze Age (from the mid-15th to the mid-13th century BCE) represents a crucial phase characterised by an escalation of the relationship with the Aegean and the Maltese Archipelago and by the effect of that relationship on the local mortuary practices. This book analyses two Siracusan necropoleis of Cozzo del Pantano and Matrensa, among the most important for this period, originally explored and published in preliminary form by Paolo Orsi in 1893 and 1898. The study of over 400 artefacts, offered for the first time with updated technical drawings and colour pictures, analyses ongoing issues relating to chronology. The critical examination of the multifaceted phenomenon of funerary religion and of the afterlife of the two cemeteries in the Classical and post-Classical period makes this book an invaluable reference work for scientific literature on the archaeology of ancient Sicily.

This book combines GIS aided landscape analysis with an examination of both historical and ethnoarchaeological data to provide new insights on the link between water sources and the built environment at Great Zimbabwe. The book interrogates the centrality of water in shaping spatial and social processes at an ancient capital. In addition, the author examines the different methods used by the residents of Great Zimbabwe to manage water sources and to transport water from sources to the domestic area and the implications of such methods to the use of space. It also examines the ways in which water sources influenced social formation and use of space at the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe.The author has managed to expertly strike a balance between deploying GIS tools and historical and ethnoarchaeological data to model the effect of water on the spatial and social processes at Great Zimbabwe.

Il Castello di Milano è un'opera medievale voluta dai Visconti e potenziata dagli Sforza. Oggi è sede di biblioteche, musei e raccolte d'arte, ma rimane una formidabile "macchina da combattimento", dove hanno lavorato tra i migliori architetti e ingegneri italiani. I soli studi d'epoca medievale riguardanti la Fortezza, a oggi noti, sono di Leonardo da Vinci, il quale ne ha esaminato le difese, comprensive delle parti sotterranee, prospettando i miglioramenti. Trent'anni d'indagini speleologiche condotte innanzitutto nei suoi sotterranei hanno permesso di eseguire le planimetrie dell'articolato sistema, composto anche di canali d'acqua segreti, mettendole a confronto con i disegni leonardeschi. Si è così compreso che una parte della Fortezza non è stata demolita, ma solo "cimata": oggi nel sottosuolo esiste un patrimonio archeologico, architettonico e artistico inestimabile, ma da recuperare integralmente. Il lavoro presenta un metodo d'indagine multidisciplinare che può essere facilmente applicato allo studio di ogni altra fortificazione europea. The castle of Milan is a medieval work commissioned by the Visconti and developed by the Sforza. Today it is intended for cultural functions but its origins are those of a formidable "combat machine". Some of the best Italian architects and engineers worked on the creation of the castle. The only studies known about the fortress, belonging to the medieval age, are by Leonardo da Vinci. He examined the defences, including the underground parts, looking for improvements. Thirty years of speleological investigations, first of all conducted in its basements, and also concerning secret water channels, have allowed us to carry out the plans of the complex system and to compare them with Leonardo's drawings. This has made it clear to the author that a part of the Fortress has not been demolished, but only "cut" in the surface. Today there is an invaluable archaeological, architectural and artistic heritage to be fully recovered. The work presents a method of multidisciplinary investigation that can be applied to the study of any other European fortification.

Il presente volume prende avvio dalle riflessioni generate dall'analisi di tutti gli affreschi nelle catacombe cristiane di Roma, per identificare e catalogare le c.d. gammadiae, rappresentate sul lembo del pallio dei personaggi, e provando a comprenderne il significato attraverso una suddivisione per temi iconografici e un inquadramento topografico. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, non è possibile fermarsi alle sole testimonianze presenti nei cimiteri romani, ma è anche necessario "viaggiare" attraverso l'Egitto e Israele, scoprendo i reperti tessili, toccando l'affascinante mondo dei sarcofagi-ritratto, così come quello degli affreschi della sinagoga di Dura Europos e, infine, esaminando i mosaici cristiani, profani e giudaici. Il volume, con un ricco catalogo di 209 schede, si propone come un punto di partenza per ricerche più approfondite, costituendosi anche come un importante passo per far sì che si indaghi su un tema iconografico che è sempre stato considerato estremamente intricato.This book analyses all the frescoes in the Early Christian Roman catacombs to identify and catalogue the so-called gammadiae, represented on the hem of the pallium of the characters. It interrogates their meaning through a thematic subdivision of iconographic themes and a topographical overview. The study explores beyond evidences found in the Roman cemetery: "travelling" through Egypt and Israel to discover textile finds; touching the fascinating world of the portrait-sarcophagi, as well as that of the frescoes in the synagogue of Dura Europos; and finally, examining Christian, profane and Jewish mosaics. This book, with a rich catalogue of 209 forms, is a starting point for further research, but it is also an important contribution to investigate an iconographic theme that has always been considered extremely intricate.

Despite Sardinia's extraordinarily rich Neolithic record, very little of it has made its way into the general European discourse. Written as a companion to G. Webster and M. Webster, Punctuated Insularity. The Archaeology of 4th and 3rd Millennium Sardinia. Oxford: BAR International Series 2871, 2017, the present volume addresses the omission by offering a synthesis of an archaeological corpus still little known outside the island. It covers in detail the evidence of colonisations and subsequent adaptations to the Sardinia's diverse environments in terms of settlement patterns, craft industries, subsistence economies, mortuary and non-mortuary cult expressions, imagery, art and extra-insular relations with special emphasis of neighbouring Corsica, while offering interpretive suggestions. As a study of the frequentation and settling of Sardinia as a locale, a large, insular, west-Mediterranean landmass, by people with non-indigenous heritages, it furthermore locates the island's cultural modalities within the so-called neolithisation of the broader Tyrrhenian region during the sixth and fifth millennia BCE.

La carta archeologica del territorio comunale di Poggiardo si propone a compendio delle ricerche condotte negli ultimi trent'anni dall'Università del Salento in collaborazione con enti di ricerca italiani e stranieri. In questa occasione si raccolgono, condensano e restituiscono, anche in forma grafica/cartografica, le conoscenze acquisite fino ad oggi, tratteggiando un quadro conoscitivo diacronico del centro antico di Vaste e del territorio ad esso circostante. Obiettivo è la realizzazione di un prodotto utile non solo per gli studiosi, ma anche e soprattutto per coloro i quali, amministratori locali in primis, hanno il dovere e l'onere di pianificare e di dettare le linee guida per la crescita urbana e lo sviluppo del proprio territorio, in un'ottica di compatibilità con la progettazione, il restauro e la conservazione del paesaggio, dell'ambiente e del patrimonio culturale. Il volume è stato realizzato nell'ambito del laboratorio di Archeologia Classica del Dipartimento di Beni Culturali dell'Università del Salento.This archaeological map of the municipal territory of Poggiardo is intended as a compendium of the research conducted over the last thirty years by University of Salento in cooperation with Italian and international research institutions. The aims of the project include the recovery, analysis and enhancement of earlier data and an updating of these data with more recent discoveries; all of these have been collected and shown in graphic and cartographic form, to facilitate the outlining of a diachronic picture of the ancient settlement and of its surrounding territory. This study has been devised in such a way as to make it useful not only for scholars, but also as a support for the local municipalities in establishing the guidelines for urban growth and the development of the territory, taking into consideration the preservation of Cultural Heritage and the environment and landscape. The development of this publication has been realised under the auspices of the Laboratory of Classical Archaeology (Department of Cultural Heritage, Università del Salento).

Este trabajo es una propuesta para estudiar la organización social descentralizada en la Mixteca Alta. Para ello nos focalizamos en el estudio del sitio arqueológico El Alvarado en asociación a otros sitios menores ubicados en el Valle de Tlaxiaco. El objetivo fue tener un acercamiento a la organización social a nivel de sitio y valle que existió durante el Preclásico Tardío o Fase Ramos (300 a.C. - 300 d.C.). A partir de los análisis: fisiográfico, arquitectónico, arqueológico, de tránsito, de visualización y de estimación de población se plantea primero, una deconstrucción y posteriormente, una reconstrucción del paisaje del Valle de Tlaxiaco durante la fase Ramos. Se propone una organización social centralizada a nivel de sitio y una organización social descentralizada a nivel de valle. En este sentido, se plantea una forma diferente a la organización centralizada a nivel de valle que ha sido ampliamente estudiada en la Mixteca Alta.This work studies decentralised social organisation in the Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. The research focuses on the El Alvarado archaeological site in association with other small sites in the Tlaxiaco Valley. The main goal was to understand the social organisation that existed, at the site and valley level, in the Late Preclassic or Ramos phase (300 BC to AD 300). From the physiographic, architectural, archaeological, transit, visualisation and population estimation analyses, first, a deconstruction is proposed and then a reconstruction of the landscape of Tlaxiaco Valley during the Ramos phase. This research deals with the centralised social organisation at the site level and the decentralised social organisation at the valley level. In such a way, at the valley level, a type of social organisation different from the centralised one is proposed, which has been widely studied in the Mixteca Alta.

Los ataúdes de Pairusejer y Ruru procedentes del lote nº 13 de la Cachette de Bab el-Gasus, que forman parte de la colección egipcia del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), se analizan en profundidad en este estudio a través de técnicas instrumentales como SEM, imagen VIL, FRX y FTIR. Estas permiten entender cómo fueron elaborados, qué materias primas se emplearon (maderas, morteros, pigmentos o barnices), qué técnicas artísticas aplicaron y el estado de conservación que estas dos cajas funerarias presentan en la actualidad. Asimismo, con ayuda de la documentación y fotografías conservadas se han podido conocer las condiciones del hallazgo en Egipto, su traslado a España y los cambios que experimentaron desde su llegada al museo madrileño hasta hoy. Se identifican las diferentes maderas, las policromías y su conservación, a la vez que se comprende mejor la evolución española de la disciplina de la Restauración tan ligada a la historia del Patrimonio.This study provides an in-depth analysis of the coffins of Pairusejer and Ruru, from lot No. 13 of objects found at Bab el-Gasus, now to be found in the Egyptian collection of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), using a variety of techniques, including SEM, VIL imaging, FRX and FTIR. These allow us to understand how the coffins were made, which materials were used (woods, mortars, pigments or varnishes), what artistic techniques were applied and the coffins' current state of conservation. Moreover, thanks to the documentation and photographs preserved, the conditions of the objects' discovery in Egypt, their transfer to Spain and the changes they have experienced from their arrival at the Madrid museum can also be taken into account. The different woods and types of polychrome decoration are identified, as well as the methods employed in their conservation, at the same time allowing a better understanding of the evolution of restoration practices in Spain, which is intimately related with the history of Heritage as a field.

Este libro presenta los resultados alcanzados por el Proyecto de Investigación IdaVe sobre el paisaje, el urbanismo y la arquitectura de Idanha-a-Velha en épocas romana, Antigüedad tardía y medieval-islámica a partir de los estudios realizados en el marco de este proyecto y de la reinterpretación de las excavaciones que nos han precedido. Desde 2012, un equipo interdisciplinar ha afrontado la investigación de la ciudad y el territorio de la ciuitas Igaeditanorum (Portugal), que pertenecía a la provincia romana de Lusitania, situada en la parte occidental de la Península Ibérica. El objetivo ha sido comprender la transformación de la topografía y el paisaje romanos en sede episcopal tardoantigua a través de un enfoque arqueológico amplio. Las nuevas excavaciones nos han permitido realizar análisis de zoología, carpología, palinología y morteros, cuyos resultados se recogen en este volumen. La aplicación de diversos métodos de teledetección en los trabajos de campo nos ha permitido registrar más datos sobre la arquitectura y la topografía de la ciudad antigua.This book presents the results obtained by the IdaVe Research Project on the landscape, urbanism and architecture of Idanha-a-Velha in the Roman, late antique and medieval periods from the latest fieldwork data and the reinterpretation of previous works. Since 2012, an interdisciplinary team has been studying the city and territory of the Roman ciuitas Igaeditanorum (Portugal), that was located in the Roman province of Lusitania in the western Iberian peninsula. The aim has been to understand the transformation of the Roman city and landscape into a late antique bishopric through a wider archaeological approach. The new excavations have allowed analysis of zoology, carpology, palynology and mortars. The application of remote sensing methods in fieldwork have enabled the authors to record more data about the architecture and topography of the ancient city.

The book investigates the contribution of glass finds to understanding the nature of the transition from Byzantine to Islamic rule in Syria-Palestine, by analysing numerous glass assemblages from Jerusalem and its environs. This original synthesis explores the nature of numerous types of glass objects, and their distinct distribution in various types of sites. Furthermore, the identification of trends of continuity and change in the fabrics, technologies, typologies and styles of the glass finds throughout this turbulent period, illuminates the nature of the processes undergone by the various communities in the Jerusalem area. The monograph comprises a newly established, comprehensive, up-to-date typo-chronology, based on hundreds of glass wares of the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods from scores of excavations, in and around Jerusalem and in neighbouring regions. Additionally, a holistic study of lighting devices, glass lamps and windowpanes, includes a novel assessment of Christian, Muslim and Jewish written sources regarding lighting in religious buildings in Jerusalem in the relevant periods.

Actes de la journée d'études du 29 mai 2018, Institut Catholique de ParisCette publication constitue les actes de la deuxième journée d'études sur l'art du Proche-Orient hellénistique et romain, qui s'est tenue à l'Institut Catholique de Paris le 29 mai 2018.Comme lors de la première journée d'études, publiée en 2018 (BAR S2897), les chercheurs ont abordé des sujets variés dans l'optique d'enrichir le débat concernant les échanges, contacts et transferts culturels dans le Proche-Orient antique. Sont ainsi évoqués l'architecture et l'urbanisme, la mosaïque, l'art funéraire, le portrait royal, les importations et exportations...Le domaine géographique couvert est également très vaste, débordant même le Levant. Il inclut la Syrie (Palmyre, Doura-Europos), le Liban, la Judée/Palestine, Délos et l'Égée ainsi que l'Égypte.Les approches, comme les thèmes traités par les auteurs, sont plurielles et exploitent les données de l'archéologie, l'épigraphie, la numismatique, l'iconographie, souvent en les croisant. Elles permettent de livrer de nouvelles interprétations.This book constitutes the proceedings of the second study day on art of Hellenistic and Roman Near East held at the Catholic University of Paris on May 29th 2018.As during the first study day, published in 2018 (BAR S2897), the researchers discussed various topics with the aim of enriching the debate on exchanges, contacts and cultural transfers in the ancient Near East: architecture and town-planning, mosaics, funerary art, royal portrait, imports and exports.The geographical area covered is also vast, extending even beyond Near East. It includes Syria (Palmyra, Dura-Europos), Lebanon, Judea/Palestine, Delos and the Aegean as well as Egypt. New interpretations are developed from diverse and interdisciplinary approaches, utilising the data of archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics and iconography.

The book explores settlement and burial patterns across the southeastern corner of the Balkan Peninsula during the second millennium BC and offers a new, detailed cross-border examination of the local pottery data. The volume offers a comprehensive analysis based on the existing cultural-historical framework and calls into question established constructs such as the 'Plovdiv-Zimnicea' culture. The work offers a chronologically structured analysis of pottery sequences and is methodologically innovative in the way it applies a rare combination of settlement-scale analysis using advanced spatial-statistical methods alongside artefact-scale typological and stylistic study on local ceramics also subjected to spatial-statistical mapping. As a result, the research highlights clusters of attributes and cycles of micro-regional interaction. On that basis it also addresses the formation, development and decline of the Late Bronze Age tradition(s) in Thrace and examines the degree to which this trajectory was influenced by wider patterns of regional development.

Archaeology of Prehistoric Art, Volume 1Atlantic Rock Art is a rock art tradition which includes emblematic motifs such as cup-marks, cup-and-rings and lines, known to several countries on the Atlantic seaboard. Design and Connectivity springs from an inter-regional study of this tradition, based on an original and innovative methodology applied to an empirical dataset. The project builds on Richard Bradley's work, investigating differences and similarities in Atlantic Art over study areas in five countries: Scotland, England, Ireland, Spain and Portugal. It applies a multi-scalar methodology developed under the principles of Relational Ontology and Assemblage Theory, providing a dynamic perspective on the empirical data. A thorough categorical scheme was scrutinised using a Presence/Absence Matrix, spatial analysis (fieldwork and GIS) and the development of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to relate and explore the relationships and connectivity between study areas. Concepts of developmental psychology support the idea of intentional teaching and cultural transmission.

Archaeology of Maya, Volume 3En esta obra se abarca de manera amplia los diversos tipos de caminos que construyeron los Mayas Antiguos, específicamente los caminos pavimentados conocidos como calzadas mayas o sacbeob. Como estudio de caso se analizan once sacbeob que se localizan en los sitios de Ichmul, San Felipe y Yo'okop, ubicados en el centro de la península de Yucatán. El libro se compone de una amplia investigación bibliográfica, complementada con datos obtenidos durante reconocimientos de superficie, mapas topográficos, excavaciones de pozos de prueba y excavaciones extensivas. Este trabajo plantea que las calzadas tuvieron funciones y significados específicos, las cuales se pueden conocer si se analiza a estas construcciones en conjunto con sus áreas de inicio/término y no de manera aislada. La interpretación se realiza desde una perspectiva basada en la semántica, además de que se emplean conceptos de la antropología simbólica y la teoría de la metáfora para realizar las conclusiones.This work comprehensively examines the types of roads built by the Ancient Maya, with a specific focus on the paved roads known as Maya causeways, or sacbeob. As a case study, it analyses eleven sacbeob located at the sites of Ichmul, San Felipe and Yo'okop, in the centre of the Yucatan peninsula. The analysis draws upon impressive bibliographical research, complemented by survey data, maps, test pits and extensive excavations. The author proposes that roadways have specific functions and meanings, which can be understood if these constructions are analysed in conjunction with their termini, rather than in isolation. These conclusions are reached from a perspective based on semantics, as well as on concepts drawn from symbolic anthropology and metaphor theory.

Settlement evidence has long been an under-studied category of finds in examining the cultural changes which occurred in northern central Europe in the final centuries BC. These changes have been widely associated with the process of latènisation which affected most of the communities in the North European Plain in the Iron Age. This book addresses the central question of the mechanism and agency behind these changes, by examining material culture patterns. The study uses data from 89 systematically selected settlement sites located in the Oder River area, including places of production. The data is contextualised against the evidence from other central and northern European sites of similar chronology and against other categories of finds from the study area. The book also contains systematic catalogues of the examined sites, of their buildings, and of settlement features of other kinds.

The Napatan Cylindrical Sheaths provides a complete analysis of the precious finds discovered at the royal cemetery of Nuri (Sudan) for the first time. This volume critically analyses translations of the inscriptions and identifies the divinities occurring on the cylinder sheaths, which were important in Kushite history between the VII and IV centuries BC. The work is composed of four parts studying: the royal cemetery of Nuri, where the cylindrical sheaths were found; the complete catalogue of the cylinders with their iconographical and epigraphic descriptions; observations on the inscriptions, the features of the bottoms and the main decorations, the crowns worn by the main figured goddesses, the relation of these goddesses and crowns, the attributes held by goddesses, and the small motifs occurring on the cylinders; and the hypothetical identification of the cylinders, their practical function and their ideological significance. This work emphasises the importance of Nubian archaeology as a subject, providing a useful contribution to stimulating and developing further discussion on the function of the cylindrical sheaths.

The book examines the moneyers, those men responsible for minting the king's coinage, within developing urban society in England during the tenth and eleventh centuries to address both their status and whether the internal workplace organisation of the mints might reflect the complexity of an Anglo-Saxon 'state'. In reviewing the minting operation of late Anglo-Saxon England, and the men in charge of those mints, a better picture of the social history of pre-Conquest England is realised. These men were likely part of the thegnly or burgess class and how they organised themselves might reflect broader trends in how those outside of the aristocracy acted in response to royal directives. The book outlines a new and innovative method of analysing the organisation of labour in Medieval England. These new techniques and methodologies provide support for a previously unknown level of complexity in English minting.Accompanying the book are several digital downloads, including the Moneyers of England Database, 973-1086, consisting of information on 3,646 periods of moneyer activity derived from 28,576 individual coins produced at ninety-nine geographic locations.

Este libro reúne las investigaciones sobre la explotación tartésica del estaño realizadas en San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, España) por Craig Merideth entre 1992 y 2002 y las coordinadas por el G.I. PRETAGU de la Universidad de Extremadura entre 2013 y 2017. En síntesis, se trata de un estudio interdisciplinar sobre este poblado minero-metalúrgico y de la comunidad que lo habitó, incluida una propuesta de la 'cadena operativa' del beneficio de la casiterita durante el Bronce Final-Hierro I. El relevante papel jugado por este estratégico recurso parece justificar la presencia en esta region interior del suroeste ibérico de elementos de prestigio y estatus social como los del Tesoro de Berzocana y la estela de guerrero de Solana de Cabañas. A mayor escala, los estudios arqueológicos y analíticos permiten integrar San Cristóbal en la 'red regional' de contactos e intercambios atlántico-mediterráneos confluyentes en Huelva, foco emergente de Tartessos.This book brings together the archaeological research carried out by Craig Merideth between 1992 and 2002 on the Tartessian exploitation of tin in Cerro de San Cristóbal de Logrosán (Cáceres, Spain) and the work done later, in the period 2013-2017, coordinated by the G.I. PRETAGU of the University of Extremadura. It is an interdisciplinary study of this metallurgical-mining site and the community that settled there, including a proposal of the 'operational chain' of the treatment and use of the cassiterite during the Late Bronze-Iron I phase. The relevant role played by this strategic mineral resource seems to justify the presence of elements of prestige and social status such as the Berzocana Treasure and the warrior's stela of Solana de Cabañas in the south-central west of the Iberian Peninsular. On a larger scale, archaeological and analytical studies allow the integration of San Cristóbal into the 'regional network' of Atlantic-Mediterranean contacts and exchanges converging in Huelva, an emerging settlement of Tartessos.

The Velebit necropolis, located in the southern Carpathian Basin remains to this day an unpublished archaeological site, although it has been known for almost 50 years. It represents the only systematically-investigated Tumulus (Hügelgräber) culture necropolis in the territories of Serbia and Vojvodina which has not been completely published so far. Bi-ritual burial rites from the Bronze Age perspective of the Velebit necropolis are not so rare in the Tumulus Culture commonwealth (Central Europe, Carpathian Basin and Transdanubian region), but the equal representation of both burial customs is quite uncommon. Graves from the undisturbed contexts at the Velebit necropolis show some differences in Koszider bronze and pottery burial gifts, gender and maybe social differentiation in communities. Certain artefacts possibly indicate economic stratification and the presence of craftsmen (metallurgists) in these Middle Bronze Age communities, which is considered one of the more significant traits of the Tumulus culture.

Esta investigación se desarrolla como una exploración crítica de los principios de la Economía y el Estado en el fundamento de las sociedades humanas. Transita, así, a través de una multiplicidad de tradiciones disciplinares, casos de estudio y debates que van desde las reflexiones aristotélicas sobre la casa y la ciudad hasta las de los pensadores contemporáneos sobre lo que es una sociedad de consumo; sobre la semiosis del dinero y lo sagrado, en los márgenes operativos de la identidad política; o sobre el poder de los cazadores de cabezas melanesios, y el no-poder de los reyes divinos del África central. Por este camino irá perfilándose un nuevo utillaje teórico basado en una comprensión praxeológica de la historia, en un intento por recomponer, más allá de la obcecada oposición entre modos de producción y narrativas, la unidad de nuestra especie biológica también en la interpretación de su radical variabilidad cultural.This research constitutes a critical exploration of the onset of Economics and the State in the foundations of human societies. It thus moves through a multiplicity of disciplinary traditions, case studies and debates. From Aristotle's reflections on the household and the city to those of contemporary authors on what a 'consumer society' is; on the semiosis of money and the sacred, towards the operative margins of political identity; or on the power of Melanesian headhunters, and the non-power of the 'divine kings' of Central Africa. On this path a new theoretical toolkit based on a praxeological understanding of history will be outlined, as an attempt to reset, beyond the obtuse opposition between modes of production and narratives, the unity of our biological species also in the interpretation of its radical cultural variability.