Books published by BAR Publishing

This study investigates the archaeomalacological assemblages from three Bronze Age sites in the Aegean: Troia, Yenibademli and Ulucak.

A Comparison of Skeletal Samples of the 5th-8th Centuries A.D. from Britain and Southwestern Germany.

This book contains papers in French and papers in English.

This monograph explores the many ways in which stone artefact reduction can be measured and used to discern prehistoric changes in artefact technology and land use from two sites in arid Australia. Several empirical techniques are used to investigate the nature of stone artefact reduction on spatial and chronological scales at Puli Tjulkura quarry (a white chert stone artefact quarry and primary reduction site located near Mt. Peculiar, approximately 280km west of Alice Springs, Northern Territory) and Puritjarra rockshelter (located in the Cleland Hills of the Northern Territory approximately 50km southwest of Puli Tjulkura), two important Central Australian archaeological sites that both geochemical and ethnographic studies reveal are interrelated. From the studies, fresh insights are given upon the changing the settlement and subsistence strategies employed by early populations. It is concluded that the middle and late Holocene reduction trends recorded at Puritjarra are associated with a provisioning strategy and land use system characteristic of an increasingly mobile population.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Volume 3. Session C16.This book includes papers from the session 'Le concept de territoires dans le Paléolithique supérieur européen' (Vol. 3, Session C16) presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This work examines aspects in the representations of femininities and masculinities in Roman art with particular reference to that of Roman Britain. The body of the study focuses on the visual demonstration of gender for specific deities, personifications and figural images in funerary art.

There remains a wide variety of evidence for the production and consumption of tin and lead alloy tableware in Roman Britain. In this book it is the categorisation of Romano-British tin and lead alloy tableware, as well as vessel production moulds, manufacturing debris and compositional data for pewter vessels that forms the study's foundation. Yet it is the main purpose of this book to place this data in a wider social, economic and chronological context. In particular two powerful theoretical perspectives - that social identities could be constructed through the consumption of 'objects', and that such identities can be recorded in an object's depositional context - have informed this research. The main result of this study is that pewter tableware, although a 'Romanized' material, could create and maintain a range of different social identities. Functionally different vessels, for example, can be taken as indicators of different 'lifestyle' choices, the comparative values of which shifted over time. However, these identities could also be re-negotiated over time to suit a number of 'atypical' personal choices, such as the reuse of high status vessels in ritual or low status roles. Another key result is that pewter consumption was also constrained by a comparative absence of tin in Britain before the 3rd century. Limited pre-3rd century pewter production can be suggested as occurring predominantly where there was easy access to imported tin. However, post 3rd century production, although most prolific in regions that had direct access to Cornish tin, could also exist in central and eastern England where they were fuelled by recycled tin, the extent of which is starting to be addressed through compositional analysis of Romano-British pewter. These findings, and the data they are built on, should both contribute to research on Romano-British pewter, and more generally provide new approaches to understand Roman material culture in Britain.

This volume attempts to establish or infer movement of people, objects and/or technology from archaeological evidence of similarity in form, decoration and use, the nature of the ceramic assemblages from the Isle of Man (UK) and those from other contemporary communities living around the Irish Sea. Evidence for contact was sought primarily with those areas most clearly visible from the Island itself, from the north and east of Ireland, from southwest Scotland and from northwest England. Ceramic evidence from Anglesey and the north Wales coast with its immediate hinterland, and from parts of northwest England, including Merseyside and Cheshire to within 25 miles of the coast was also taken into consideration. In addition, on the basis of a limited number of radiocarbon dates, an attempt is also made to address the problems of establishing a possible sequential relationship within the northern Irish Sea area and a Bronze Age chronology for the Isle of Man. Also included is a comprehensively illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the Manx Bronze Age pottery for the benefit of future researchers.Illustrations by Brian Williams.

The publication of results, undertaken on behalf of The Highways Agency, UK, of archaeological excavations and watching brief works in advance of and during the construction of a 6.3km bypass around Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire (UK). Excavation at Woodlands Roundabout Site A in 2002 revealed late Bronze Age to early Iron Age activity, on the fringes of settlement and included placed human bone and rare 'concertina' vessels in pits. Structures, including an unusually robust 4-poster within a pennaular gully and an oval structure may have associations with mortuary practices. This site was abandoned no later than the middle Iron Age, well before the construction of Roman Akeman Street, which lies beneath the A41, and over which Woodlands Roundabout has been constructed. The Roman road's construction was evidenced by gravel quarries and by its probable make-up layers. Other sites reported include excavation on either side of the B489 Lower Icknield Way Site B near Buckland, in 2001 and 2002, and excavations in 2001 on former arable land at Tring Hill Site D, just within the Buckinghamshire boundary with Hertfordshire, which produced plough truncated remnants of late Iron Age enclosure ditches, pits and post-holes, including four-post structures.With contributions by Dr Michael Allen, Luke Barber, Holly Duncan, Dr Peter Guest, Professor John Hines, Charles LeQuesne, Dr Rob Scaife, Lucy Sibun, Anna Slowikowski and Felicity Wild, with site illustrations by Matthew Pearson and finds illustrations by Cecily Marshall

A comprehensive study of cowries and other shells, including fossilised material.With malacological identifications by Gyula Radócz.

At the beginning of the 18th century the west of Scotland was a relatively poor region. Most people lived a hand to mouth existence, at the mercy of the weather. By the end of the century the region was on the way to becoming a major economic power. This was not just in Scotland, Britain and Europe, but on a global scale. The changes which took place often come under the term 'Industrial Revolution' and have been the subject of many general studies. Despite this attention, remarkably little has been done on what was actually happening at local or regional level. In effect, the history has been written back to front, with most interest given to the general trends, and very little to the more time consuming groundwork. This work investigates why, by the end of the eighteenth century, Renfrewshire had become one of three principal cotton manufacturing regions in Britain, and one of the first factory-type industrial regions in the world. The reasons behind this were by no means confined to cotton mills. The success could not have occurred without extensive earlier changes including to agriculture, population and settlement pattern, and the story of these is also uncovered in this study.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 21To the Mochica civilization, a pre-Inca society that developed on the north coast of Peru from the 1st to the 9th century AD, mural art represented an important form of artistic expression. Mainly reserved for cultural buildings and following a codified narrative language, these monumental painted scenes created a privileged means of communication that allowed the rulers to deliver to the people a symbolic message of the established political power and of the social order. The iconographic study of these paintings and reliefs on adobe has allowed us to understand that they were illustrating an ideological discourse essentially dedicated to the worship of divinities and to the associated ritual ceremonies. The identified mythical representations were, in this way, devoted to the Mochica religion and to the political power held by the elite. Thus, mural art not only had a decorative function but also a much more symbolic role: one of ideological vector, which was essential for this civilization without any textual writing. The importance of mural decoration within Mochica society inspired previous research on these rare relics further. In addition to the iconographic interpretations, it seemed essential to take an interest in the creation and elaboration process of these murals. By using archaeometry, rarely employed in Peru, the author has been able to answer not only archeological but also preservation problems. Thus, through the physicochemical study of the polychromy of the Huaca de la Luna on the site of Moche, of the Huaca Cao Viejo on the site of El Brujo, of the monumental complex of Castillo de Huancaco, and of the funeral platform of Sipán, it has been possible to obtain clues to the pictorial techniques used by the Mochicas artists. It was therefore possible to reconstitute the whole process followed in order to manufacture these mural paintings, from the extraction of raw materials to the final panel. By comparing the results from each site, it was possible to work on the spatiotemporal evolution of this artistic technology, to consider the organization of this handcrafted activity and to better understand the social status of Mochicas painter craftsmen. Finally, by following a multidisciplinary approach, carried out jointly in the laboratory and in the field, the author has evaluated the efficiency of the preservation treatments applied today on these relics, in order to optimize the durability of this exceptional painted heritage.

Written by R.M. Chapple, C. Dunlop, S. Gilmore and L. Heaney.Illustrations by S. Godden and S. Cannon.Principal Editor: K. Beachus.Edited by J. Barkley and C Heaney.

Coal has often been considered unimportant to the economy of Roman Britain, and not something that was deliberately mined. This study, based on growing archaeological evidence aims to overturn this view.

This work explores the contribution of the peoples of the Barbaricum to the shaping of early medieval technology in Europe, with a particular reference to iron-making. Within this general cultural framework, the case of Lombards is analyzed in more detail, tracing the way their iron-making technological heritage developed: first, during their settlement on the Lower Elbe (first centuries AD) characterized by a Western Germanic technical culture, then, in Central Europe (AD 3rd/4th-6th), where they came into contact with a Celtic and provincial Roman substratum, and finally in Italy (second half of AD 6th to 8th). At this stage, Lombard craftsmen, who possessed the full range of technical-artisanal skills of iron-production that were integral to western Germanic culture, would have come into contact with practitioners embodying the technical knowledge of the Mediterranean heritage. This encountering of material cultures seems to have resulted in reshaping of the entire economic structure of the peninsula.

This study arranges in chronological order approximately 450 ceramic artefacts known as chalices found in more than 50 excavations in Late Bronze and Iron Age strata within Canaan and Ancient Israel. The study also proposes a typology for these chalices.

The purpose of this work is to determine the most informative articles and the most effective methods and research approaches to the study of Roman brick stamps covering the former Roman Empire. The different research methods used in different areas are compared. This study attempts to give an overall view of research methods, approaches and categories of studies used in all schools of brick stamp research and poses the question whether brick stamps can contribute to our understanding of military history. Regional and local differences of both stamps and modern schools of research are highlighted and their importance in terms of Roman history is discussed. This volume concentrates directly on questions such as: What are the different research methods used in dealing with military brick stamps, and who uses them? What are the different results represented by the different research approaches? Which results are best achieved by what methods? What can Roman military brick stamps contribute to an understanding of Roman history and can they be used as documents of military history, as other military inscriptions are? Or could they, instead, be helpful in reconstructing other historical aspects of Roman provinces? Are military brick stamps uniform documents which can be used equally in all former Roman provinces? The work concentrates on legionary rather than all military stamps. This study is intended to serve as a representative sample of the research methodologies for each province. Therefore, the focus lies on legionary stamps (but occasionally also includes auxiliary stamps where no other evidence exists). The author critically reviews a selection of articles, focusing primarily on the methodologies employed by certain scholars. The reviewed articles contain a selection of brick stamps. A catalogue of the works reviewed is included and the publications listed there form the background for this present analysis. The bibliography contains a list of all other works cited and consulted. Chapter 1 includes an introduction to the methodologies of studying brick stamps, concentrating on research methods and approaches. It also contains a discussion of the methodology used in this thesis, and also introductions to Roman bricks, and stamps on bricks, respectively. Chapters 2-9 analyse the different groups of research schools and the methodologies they employ in studying military brick stamps. Chapters 10-13 consider more general problems and questions which arise during the study of provincial military brick stamps, such as the phenomenon of name stamps, the question of when the habit of stamping bricks was started by the Roman army, the relationship between brick stamps and military territories or the so-called prata legionis and the problem of brick reuse. Chapter 14 summarises the answers to the research questions posed in the course of the previous chapters and offers a conclusion.

21 papers on contemporary perspectives of Romanization presented at a graduate seminar and colloquium on 'Romanization and Self-Romanization' held at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena and the Siegmundsburg-Centre of Studies in 2004. The first section deals with theoretical models and sociological concepts; the second looks at archaeological and historical studies. The geographical scope covers the entire Empire from Lusitania to Asia Minor, from Hadrian's Wall to the Sahara.

This work represents a synthesis of the information available on the urban centres of the Roman province of Lusitania. The purpose of the study is to identify the most important cities of Lusitania, using evidence provided by historical sources, epigraphic finds, and the archaeological record. According to Roman historical sources, many of the major cities of modern Portugal and Spain had already been established by the end of the third century AD. However, these sources do not present a clear chronological portrait of the development of many of these cities from indigenous settlements to important components of the Roman administration of the province of Lusitania. While a thorough discussion of this process lies well beyond the bounds of the current project, this study does represent the first synthesis of the historical, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence for the earliest imperial Roman presence at the cities of Lusitania.

This volume focuses on the phenomenon of the Transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic in the Iberian Peninsula, with special reference to the site of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona), more broadly the northern Iberian sites, and the theoretical and typological systematics that have been used hitherto in the study of the transitional process. The core of the study is the development of the Transition from the latest Mousterian facies, to the appearance of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic. A secondary focus concentrates on the methods used until now to conduct similar studies.

9 papers presented at a colloquium held in honour of J.J. Coulton at Lincoln College, Oxford on 17 April 2004, to mark his retirement from the Readership in Classical Archaeology at Merton College, Oxford. Jim Coulton devoted much of his early career to the study of Cycladic architecture. He saw earlier than most how important this area would be in advancing our knowledge not only of ancient architecture but also of many aspects of ancient Greek civilisation in general.

Compositional data on bronze artefacts of the European Chalcolithic and Bronze Age are now quite numerous. This study differs in that it indicates how the bronzes were made: hammered into shape or cast, the moulds, the cooling processes, and after casting techniques. The authors focus on the microstructure and behaviour of archaeologically relevant alloys cast with materials likely to have been accessible in the Chalcolthic and Early Bronze Age of Europe. In order to compile a reference collection for the determination of ancient production methods of cast bronze artefacts, a series of casting experiments with archaeologically relevant alloys was carried out in the University of Sheffield. Bronze flat axes, characteristic of the European Chalcolithic to Bronze Age periods, were cast in moulds of sand, clay and bronze. The composition of the bronze, the moulding material and the cooling method after casting were systematically varied under controlled conditions. The microstructure, dendritic arm spacing or grain size and microhardness of the cast metals were studied on each casting. The malleability of the metals was also investigated by cold-rolling and annealing processes. All figures and a selection of photomicrographs are printed in black and white in this volume. They are reproduced in colour in the online download. There is one plate of colour photomicrographs in chapter 9. The complete series of colour photomicrographs for bronzes cast in sand moulds is given in appendix 2, that for bronzes cast in clay moulds is in appendix 3 and that for bronzes cast in bronze moulds is in appendix 4. The photomicrographs of the series of cold-working and annealing are given in appendix 5. All sample numbers discussed in this volume, with their composition and cooling regimes, are given in appendix 6.

This research aims to investigate later Iron Age society in Norfolk through a study of largely unstratified metal artefacts. In particular, it examines and interprets patterns in the distribution and deposition of torcs, coins and items of horse equipment across the landscape of Norfolk. Any research on later Iron Age Norfolk cannot, of course, take place without reference to Snettisham, the Iceni and Queen Boudica. This work does not neglect these important aspects of Norfolk's past, but sets them in their broader historical context and goes on to investigate whether this region was culturally 'backward' or peripheral to southern and south-eastern England. To achieve these aims, this research focuses on examining patterns in the distribution and deposition of torcs, coins and items of horse equipment across and within the landscape of Norfolk. Northern East Anglia does not boast a well-known and documented settlement record; a problem that has enhanced the perception that this region was culturally peripheral to southern and south-east England in the later Iron Age. Despite the lack of detailed information regarding settlement archaeology, Norfolk does appear to be rich in later Iron Age metalwork. The majority of metal artefacts known from the region have been recovered by metal-detectorists or by chance discovery. In particular, three categories of metalwork are the focus of this study: torcs, coins and items of horse equipment. 162 finds are detailed in the catalogue, each with a drawing.

This book deals with the Roman finds from the eastern part of the Roman Province of Dalmatia, situated in today's western Serbia. Through the study of inscriptions, small finds, cemeteries and settlements, the author traces the progress of Romanization, social changes, administrative structures and economic life in the area from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD.Illustrations by Free Artist Vuk Roganovi¿, B.S. ArchitectureTranslated from Serbian by Ana Vasi¿

The subject of Dr Wang's research is the technical study of excavated bronze fragments from the site of Tianma-Qucun, situated in southwest Shanxi province, China. The site was identified as an early capital of the Jin state in the periods of the Western Zhou and early 'Spring and Autumn' (i.e. 1027-650 BC). This study of 47 fragments provides new metallurgical data on Jin bronzes, specifically on casting techniques and the deterioration of these bronzes in their burial environment (corrosion study helps guide investigative cleaning and conservation treatment). Comparing bronzes from the elite tombs with those from other graves reveals social differences within the Jin culture. The main chapters cover a general review of the Bronze Age; descriptions of the Tianma-Qucun site; project methodology; analysis; corrosion reports; alloy composition. Technical data for the samples are reported in the catalogue and the accompanying CD, which allows full-colour viewing.

Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No 3The third volume of the Anuradhapura series documents the results of six years of settlement survey, excavation and geoarchaeology in the hinterland of the Citadel. Mapping the response of rural communities to the growth of Anuradhapura as Sri Lankan capital and Indian Ocean pilgrimage centre, this interdisciplinary study presents the establishment and consolidation of settlement within the island's Dry Zone and the associated investment in hydraulic infrastructure from the first millennium BC onwards. It also traces the division of hinterland settlement into either Buddhist monastery or agricultural village with an absence of towns as well as the hinterland's subsequent collapse in the eleventh Century AD. Conforming to a model of Tropical Forest 'Low Density Urbanism', this volume presents the most detailed archaeology study of the dynamic and contested nature of a South Asia urban hinterland. (See also BAR S1508 and BAR S824).With contributions from F.R. Allchin, Cathy Batt, Paul Cheetham and Randolph Haggerty

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology Organisation Conference on the Fourth and Fifth of April 2008 at Hertford College, Oxford, UKThis volume stems from the proceedings of the third conference of the Graduate Archaeology Organisation at Oxford (GAO) held 4-5 April, 2008 at Hertford College, Oxford. The conference title was Challenging Frontiers: Mobility, Transition and Change, and aimed to address the question of mobility in the archaeological record from an inter-disciplinary perspective, and hence to encourage dialogue between the more artistic and scientific subdisciplines of archaeology.

Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Monograph Series No. 4Sometime in the late 16th century an armed merchantman foundered in the Thames Estuary. Forgotten for over four centuries, it was rediscovered in 2003 during an operation by the Port of London Authority to clear a navigational hazard from the Princes Channel. Wessex Archaeology, called in by the PLA, recovered five sections of the ship's hull and four cannons, as well as numerous artefacts. With only a few sites studied in detail, our knowledge of 16th century shipbuilding in England is still limited. The well-preserved wreck of the Gresham Ship - so named after the founder of one of the cannons - presents an excellent opportunity to study the construction of a merchant vessel from this period. In addition, the wreck is currently the only archaeological example of a remedial procedure for unstable ships, otherwise known only from documentary sources. This procedure, called 'furring', increases the breadth of the hull by removing the planking, adding timbers to the existing frames and re-planking. This volume, the first of two on the Gresham Ship, gives a detailed account of the sections of the wreck recovered and describes the work of researchers at the University of Southern Denmark in their analysis of the hull and of the armament. Volume II will deal with the studies undertaken at the University College London of the ship's context and contents. This volume is the fourth of a series of NAS monographs. Others previously published are The Sound of Mull Archaeological Project, Records of Traditional Watercraft from South and West Sri Lanka and The Hulks of Forton Lake, Gosport.With contributions by Massimiliano Ditta, Antony Firth, Nigel Nayling, Delia Ní Chíobháin, Christian Thomsen and Cate Wagstaffe

Final Conference University of Burgundy, Dijon, 23-25 June 2008This volume presents the contributions of the four workgroups involved in the collective research programme entitled 'ArchaeDyn. Spatial dynamics of settlement and natural resources: towards a long-term integrated analysis, from Prehistory to the Middle Ages', funded by the French Ministry of Research between 2005 and 2007.

In 2002 the fullest evidence so far recovered for the Roman settlement at Nantwich, a historic salt-producing centre in Cheshire (north-western England), was revealed by an excavation carried out at Kingsley Fields, on the west side of the town, ahead of a housing development. This uncovered a previously unknown Roman road, linking the settlement at Nantwich to the main road network, and, positioned along this, evidence for the collection and storage of brine and the production of salt, together with buildings, enclosures, a well and a small number of cremation burials. Waterlogged conditions meant that organic remains, including structural timbers, were well preserved on the site. These included the two finest examples of timber-built brine tanks excavated from Roman Britain. This volume presents the wide-ranging finds of these investigations.