Books published by BAR Publishing

The two small-scale and hyper-intensive surface artifact surveys presented in this study were the first glimpse of the type and distribution of settlement on a parish level and in a rural context, in the regions along the Vardar Valley. Not attempting to offer a representative coverage of the region as a whole or of certain types of micro-geographic entities, the surveys were rather concentrated on 1) reconstructing the long-term history of individual settlements (by means of highly intensive and systematic survey coverage and careful study of the ceramic fabrics); 2) understanding the integral set of habitation practices (by adopting a site-less approach in the interpretation of the surface artifact scatters) and 3) exploring the type of micro-topographic elements preferred by the local farming communities (the concept of settlement niche). The study and interpretation of the field data faced us with the problem of understanding the settlement dynamic on a micro-level, but it also brought up a series of interpretative and methodological problems inherent to all studies of surface archaeological material.

RESUMEN El final del Pleistoceno en la Región Cantábrica (norte de la Península Ibérica) es testigo de una serie de importantes transformaciones ambientales, sociales y culturales. Desde el punto de vista climático y ambiental, el Tardiglaciar se caracteriza por una gran inestabilidad, y supone a grandes rasgos el fin de unas condiciones glaciares y la transición a otras más templadas y húmedas. Esto conlleva el desarrollo de masas forestales caducifolias, principalmente de robledales y bosques mixtos atlánticos, que van desplazando los bosques de pinos dominantes durante el Würm. La progresiva sustitución de bosques de coníferas por otros caducifolios pudo haber influido en los cambios económicos y la organización social de las sociedades del final del Paleolítico. En este trabajo, se analizan los cambios en el paisaje del valle del río Asón (Cantabria) a lo largo del Tardiglaciar. Para ello, se ha desarrollado, mediante el empleo de un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), un modelo predictivo de distribución potencial de la vegetación arbórea. Este modelo, basado en los requerimientos ecológicos de las principales taxa arbóreos identificados en los diagramas políticos de la región, estima las áreas donde mayor probabilidad de desarrollo tendría cada especie. Los resultados obtenidos permiten comprobar un importante cambio en la distribución espacial de las principales masas forestales a lo largo del Tardiglaciar y del Holoceno inicial. Este cambio en el paisaje, y por lo tanto en la distribución de los recursos asociados a los bosques caducifolios, pudo haber influido en los cambios observados en las estrategias de subsistencia y los patrones de asentamiento de los grupos de cazadores y recolectores del Magdaleniense Superior y el Aziliense.ABSTRACT The end of the Pleistocene in the Cantabrian Region (northern Iberia) witnesses a series of major environmental, social and cultural changes. From a climatic and environmental point of view, the Lateglacial is characterized by a high instability, and broadly means the transition from glacial to warmer and milder conditions. This transition implies the development of deciduous forests, mainly oakwoods and Atlantic mixed forests, which displaced the pine forests dominant during the Würm glaciation. The continual substitution of conifers by deciduous forests might have had an influence on the changes in the economy and the social organization of Late Palaeolithic societies. In this work, changes in the landscape of the Asón river valley (Cantabria) during the Lateglacial are analysed. To do this, a GIS-based predictive model for the potential distribution of tree vegetation was developed. This model, based on the ecological requirements of the main taxa identified in pollen diagrams from the region, estimates the areas where each species could have had higher probabilities to develop. The results obtained allow verifying an important change in the spatial distribution of the main forest types during the Lateglacial and the early Holocene. This change in the landscape, and therefore in the distribution of the resources related to deciduous forests, might have had an influenced in the changes observed in the subsistence strategies and the settlement patterns of Upper Magdalenian and Azilian hunter and gatherer communities.

The main aim of this project was to document as many existing structures as possible due to the rapid development of rural areas, and a fear that these important historical features of the landscape would soon disappear. The book contains a detailed and illustrated catalogue of the water mills of Jordan, Cyprus and parts of Syria, and a concise one of those in Palestine. It also provides a useful summary of the historical and contemporary documentary evidence about the use of water technology for many socially and economically important functions, such as grain, water and sugar milling. What has emerged from a study of architecture, history, landscape and society is an intriguing picture of socio-economic interdependencies in both rural and urban societies, where the water mill had a defined and often vital role.

This volume presents the findings of the Michoacan III project, which aimed to investigate and illuminate the mysterious early post classic occupation phase in the Michoacan region, Mexico. It focuses on the settlements of the Milpillas region, particularly on group B, providing an extremely detailed and thorough catalogue of the structures here, as well as investigating what activities would have taken place there, to provide a thorough overview of the site. Accompanying it will be another volume to place this site in the wider context of the settlement patterns of the Tarascan empire more generally.

Though the Silk Road has long fascinated writers and archaeologists, its northern-most branch has been comparatively neglected in ancient and modern times. This timely volume about the route between the Volga and Kama Rivers Regions and the classical world, rectifies this imbalance. It provides a reader of literary sources regarding trade between these two regions, written by Greek and Roman authors, but also a catalogue of the archaeological remains of transit trade in the Volga and Kama Rivers Regions. As such, it contains a more rounded view than all previous accounts, as it does not only rely on Classical, literary perspectives on this trade network, but is able to examine its effects on both groups of traders. It also carefully traces how these trade relations changed over time as the societies at both ends of it constantly evolved, treating this subject over the course of thirteen hundred years, from the sixth century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. The value of this book lies in the fact that the comprehensive and thorough archaeological, and textual, analysis will allow a more precise and complete examination of the main mechanisms of trade and economic relationships between societies which occupied different levels of socio-economic and political development.

This work examines the development of votive offerings at Athens during the fourth century B.C., as well as the social and artistic changes this accompanied. It provides a valuable catalogue of the Attic votive inscriptions to Athena Ergane and the increasingly popular healing deities, in particular Asklepius. It not only provides a detailed epigraphic and linguistic analysis of the votive texts, but also contextualises them into the archaeological sites, artistic scene, religious landscape and society they belong to. Through this combination of detailed study and broad contextualisation, the affinities between 4th century votive habits and those of the preceding period are examined, as is the emergence of new motifs that became increasingly prevalent throughout the Hellenistic period. As a result this book provides a new insight into the dynamic and important subject of social change in late Classical and early Hellenistic Greece, through the lens of votive healing offerings, a highly evocative and insightful class of object.

Cerro Muriano is a small population centre situated 16 km to the north of the city of Córdoba, between the municipalities of Córdoba and Obejo (Andalusia, Spain). This territory is situated over a large field of copper veins, which has been exploited by the different peoples and societies that have populated Córdoba's mountain range Sierra Morena. The mining and metallurgy of this red metal have been used to track the evolution of this site over time. This has produced much archaeological evidence, ranging from the Copper Age to the 20th century. From 1897 to 1919, the mines of Cerro Muriano were worked -with the new technologies brought by industrialisation- by four different, but closely related, English companies. These companies generated a complete mining settlement; a plant of considerable dimensions for washing and concentrating the minerals, calcining them, smelting them, and finally converting the matte into blister copper; and a populated complex of various neighbourhoods composed of houses, shacks and barracks. In addition, there was other infrastructure required to sustain a society (e.g., a school, canteen, theatre, church, hospital, etc.), buildings for work (e.g., offices and a laboratory), and other spaces for production, storage, and distribution. It was specifically the train that connected the city of Córdoba with the coal-mining area of Peñarroya-Belmez-Espiel which permitted the English to set up their business in a mountainous location. However, at the end of the 19th century, the train did not stop at Cerro Muriano; in fact, there was nothing to motivate the construction of a train station there: neither a consolidated population nor any important economic activity. Thus, one of the primary objectives of the initial English capitalinvestment was to bring the rail line to its properties. Therefore, mining and railways marked the origin of Cerro Muriano as we know it today. This study case of Cerro Muriano during the English period found that it was a faithful reflection of its time. Spanish mining in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was heavily influenced by the involvement of foreign companies. This should not be seen as a distinctive feature of Spain as a whole, but rather as the result of an international situation in which mining underwent a kind of premature globalisation. It may be argued that the British Cerro Muriano was a standard product. In it, we can discern many of the features typical of the international expansion and industrialisation of mining and metallurgy operations: the key introduction of new technology in the exploitation of the mine, the fundamental importance of the railway, the eclectic nature of the whole in terms of the technology employed, and the creation of a mining village, in the town- planning and social senses. In short, Cerro Muriano is a good example of economically-colonialist mining activity that seems to show that the highly topical subject of globalization is not a new phenomenon, since the evolution of technology and the spread use of the same machines on an international scale -among other circumstances- facilitated the homogenization of the world we inhabit today.

La quarta spedizione di ricerca sulle strutture sotterranee di Ahlat (Turchia sud-orientale), nel 2010, si è sviluppata su quattro obiettivi principali che hanno aggiunto nuove significative conoscenze sull'habitat rupestre di questa vasta area vulcanica.La parziale asportazione dei sedimenti che occludono un lungo cu-nicolo sta rivelando un articolato reticolo ipogeo con interessanti prospettive su sviluppo, funzioni e tecnichedi scavo. L'individuazione di un quarto acquedotto sotterraneo e la probabile localizzazione della tomba diun martire cristiano del XV secolo in zone rupestri periferiche, si aggiungono a ulteriori ritrovamenti nel cuore stesso dell'area archeologica: un pozzo, diverse cavità adibite a depositi agricoli, un edificio interrato(zecca), una neviera, iscrizioni lapidee, ecc.The fourth research expedition on the underground structures of Ahlat (south-eastern Turkey), in 2010, developed on four main targets that added significant new knowledge about the rocky habitat of this wide volcanic area. The partial removal of sediments that occlude a long tunnel reveal an underground complex network with interesting perspectives about development, functions and excavation techniques. The identification of a fourth underground aqueduct and the probable location of the tomb of a fifteenth century Christian martyr in rocky peripheral areas, join to other findings in the very heart of the archaeological area: a shaft, many cavities used as farm-storage, a buried building (mint), a snow-house, tombstone inscriptions, etc.

This doctoral thesis is a study of the development of pottery production in the communities of the Second Iron Age that settled in what is now the area encompassing the Basque Country. Three sites, Los Castros de Lastra, Basagain and Munoaundi, are fortified settlements on hilltops, while Santiagomendi is an unfortified settlement and the fortified settlement of La Hoya is located on a plain, with a highly developed urban area. As a starting point, a comprehensive and integrated approach was sought to bring together a typological and morphological approach towards the collections, including decorative aspects as well as an assessment of the technological and functional standards of the pieces. To this end, as a theoretical basis, the concept of chaîne opératoire has been employed as a theoretical framework, within which different methods of approaching the pottery including morphological study, macroscopic description, archaeometry, experimental archaeology and ethnoarchaeological coverage.

The present volume is based on research articles submitted as part of an international conference Exploring Human Origins: Exciting discoveries at the start of the 21st Century', 5-10 August 2013 in Manchester, UK, under the auspices of the International Union of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES). The main focus of these papers was to record the more recent fossil, archaeological and genomic discoveries in the field of human origins and evolution, besides a few very significant ones made in 1990s. This volume presents the findings of various researchers that highlight different perspectives contributing to the greater understanding of human origins and ongoing evolution.

Edited by F. Pimenta, N. Ribeiro, F. Silva, N. Campion, A Joaquinito and L. Tirapicos.Proceedings of the SEAC 2011 conference.Since Prehistory, the sky has always been integrated as part of the cosmovision of human societies. The sky played a fundamental role not only in the orientation of space, time organization, ritual practices or celestial divination, but also as an element of power. Migrations and voyages are intrinsic to humankind, they opened the routes for cultural diffusion and trade, but also for power dominance. Following these routes is also to follow cultural diversity and how human societies met or clashed. The sky and astronomical phenomena provided the tools for time reckoning, calendar organization and celestial navigation that supported those voyages. Astronomy today gives us the capacity to reproduce the sky, opening a window through which we can glimpse how those societies perceived, integrated and manipulated the sky into their world-views and their myths and, ultimately, into their social organization. The papers presented in this volume were submitted after the 19th meeting of the European Society for Astronomy in Culture, Évora, Portugal, 19th-23rd September, 2011.

The Vindolanda Tablets are rightly famous for the insights they provide into the life of Roman auxiliaries on the province of Britain's northern frontier around the turn of the first century AD. This study focuses on the various kinds of evidence provided for economic activity in the early Roman Empire, the aim is to investigate how best to comprehend the economic system attested at Vindolanda and to consider the wider implications for studies of the ancient economy in general. This is accomplished by a three-step approach: first, the nature of the Vindolandan evidence is assessed, and the state of research on both studies of the ancient economy and the economy of early Roman Britain is accounted for, so as to highlight the value of the Vindolanda Tablets and lay the ground for the interpretations which follow. Second, the economic activities attested by the tablets are analysed in terms of market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity, and each category is developed to suit the unique character of the evidence. Moreover, select phenomena attested at Vindolanda are compared or contrasted with evidence from similar Roman frontier establishments in other places and periods of antiquity. Third, a model is outlined which takes into account the different economic behaviours revealed by the tablets and attempts to fit them together into one coherent, economic system, whilst also relating the activities to questions of scale in the ancient economy; moreover, the conclusions drawn in the study are discussed and compared with those of the most important authors on the subject, and the value and potential of the findings made are put into a wider perspective.

This book is timely. As the contributions in it illustrate, 2D and 3D modeling of cultural heritage is no longer used just to illustrate the location and appearance (past or present) of archaeological sites, but also as a tool to discover and recover data from archaeological remains. There are better ways of predicting where this data might be found under the surface. When applied to the legacy excavation data of a cultural heritage site -or when used to record the progress of a new excavation, 3D modeling has the potential to mitigate the irreversible and destructive nature of archaeological excavation, an unfortunate, ironic, and unavoidable central fact of archaeology as traditionally practiced. With the widespread adoption of 3D technologies to record and reconstruct archaeological sites, the archaeologist can virtually preserve the site through 3D data capture as we dig it up. And, once the 3D data gathered in the field has been modeled, it is possible to retrace decisions and test the validity of conclusions with more precision and confidence.

The subject of this monograph is the archaeology of the jew's harp in Europe. It is based on archaeological finds collected from various sources and compiled into a database.

This is a study on textile production in central Tyrrhenian Italy from the final Bronze Age to the Republican period. Textile production is studied here through its technological, social and economic aspects. Textiles and their making were important parts of all fields of life in ancient Italy. Textiles and textile implements are found from settlement sites, burials, votive deposits and sanctuaries. The differences between the finds from different contexts through time point out the changes in material culture related to textile-making. The changes in the materials also indicate the change from household production of textiles to a workshop mode of production and specialisation, and later the development of slave involvement. Through the scope of this study one learns that textile production went through the introduction of many new technologies. This book presents new insights on the importance of textile-making in the ancient society and economy. The question of the importance of textile-making is approached through different angles concerning age, gender, ethnicity, social status, profession and religion, and in so doing a new insight on the multifaceted identity of textile makers and their social status is built.

Chichén Itzá is a UNESCO-designated World Heritage site, one of the largest and most accessible Maya archaeological areas in southern Mexico. The densely clustered architecture of the site core covers an area of at least 6.5 square kilometres, and smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond the site core. Although the history of archaeological study of the site extends back over a century, the most significant and productive effort was that directed between 1924 and 1940 by Sylvanus G. Morley under the sponsorship of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Morley prepared a draft of a Guide Book to the Ruins of Chichén Itzá in 1946, which has since languished in the archaeological archives. Although dated and probably quaint by modern standards, Morley's guide to Chichén Itzá remains the only synthesis of the site based on almost 20 years of excavation, consolidation, and restoration of the ruins. Our interest in publishing Morley's manuscript was based on several factors: it was Morley's last written work; it was the only synthesis of Morley's work on Chichén Itzá; and, quite simply, it is a work important to the history of the study of Maya archaeology. Several modifications have been made to the manuscript. We have attempted to leave as much of the original text as written by Morley. Sections that have been corrected by more recent research are amended and included as notes. Repetitious text has been removed and obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected. Notes have been added by the editors to explain or amplify statements in the manuscript. In addition, written commentary on the original manuscript by Karl Ruppert has been included as notes.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 89This research is a departure from the traditional archaeological pottery analysis in Kenya, where emphasis has been on decorations and forms. It uses a technological approach to offer additional information on Bantu pottery. Pottery decorations and forms are still powerful instruments in defining the spatial and temporal distributions of prehistoric populations, but the ability of these attributes to mark social boundaries is limited by their obvious visibility on the finished product. Whilst this explicit visibility is an advantage for archaeologists who seek to explore temporal and spatial distributions of different wares, it is problematic, since it is possible for socially, ethnically, and linguistically distinct communities to copy from each other, making salient pottery features unreliable indicators of social boundaries. Therefore, this study emphasises the production stage, which is not as obvious on the finished product and must be learnt by apprenticeship only through kinship. This study sought to establish the social boundaries for makers of Tana ware; an Iron Age pottery attributed by some to Bantu speakers, whilst others attribute it to Cushitic speakers. Chaîne opératoire was used as an analytical tool for archaeological data collected from Manda and Ungwana site assemblages. Ethnographic reference data was collected from Cushitic and Bantu speakers from the Coastal and Highland regions of Kenya. Ethno-historical data was derived from library resources, while experimental data were obtained from the field.

Edited by Katina T. Lillios, Anna J. Waterman, Jennifer Mack, Joe Alan Artz and Liv Nilsson-StutzThis volume presents the results of archaeological research conducted at the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age burial site of Bolores between 2007 and 2012, which built on work carried out in 1986. Bolores is a small site (5 x 3 m), yet the analysis of its structure and associated materials have yielded a rich and nuanced picture of a small population of people who lived, and died, in the third and second millennia BC in the Portuguese Estremadura. Although our research focused on the small-scale, it also attempted to bridge this perspective with the larger social and cultural dynamics at play during the time. It advocates, in its own way, for greater attention to the micro-scale: small sites, small objects, bone fragments, and details in ritual practice. In a time when Big Data, Big History, and global phenomena loom large in public and scholarly imagination, we think it is also important to understand the variegated texture of local, small-scale social practices, which, after all, are linked to broader sociocultural phenomena and hold the key to understanding resistance and social change.

A detailed illustrated catalogue of 406 (Mediterranean, Africa and Near East) ceramic lamps, dated from the Bronze Age to Late Roman era, from the Rivel Collection.

The contributors to the present volume were asked to variously address its central theme from perspectives offered by jointly anthropological and archaeological approaches, as well as to engage some of the philosophical implications of landscape as highly interdisciplinary concept - one, which can and does draw upon a range of life and physical sciences.

This study concerns the economic and social history of Fundi in Roman times. Fundi is a town in southern coastal Latium and was especially active in Late-Republican and Imperial times. The author traces the historical development of the city from the earliest data through to Roman times. The region is one of the lesser studied territories in Latium, and whereas other regional cities have had archaeological surveys, studies and researches, data on Fondi and its immediate environs are inadequate. This work remedies this lacuna and adds to the available knowledge of a city that was important in Roman times. The new data was provided by the author's personal surveys, leading to the discovery of unknown testimonies of Roman occupation and new epigraphic records. Furthermore, the author was able to use other interesting and underestimated (or unknown) local sources, such as antiquarians of previous centuries who were able to see and describe ancient buildings, roads and epigraphic evidence that is now lost to us. There are six main chapters: the first is an introduction; the second presents data on pre-Roman times; the third is concerned with so-called 'romanisation', the fourth is dedicated to the late Republic; the fifth deals with Imperial times; the final chapter covers Late Antiquity.

This work examines how and why Roman structures - commonly villas, forts, and bathhouses - were reinvented as religious centres in the Post-Roman period. Two principal lines of enquiry are pursued: the relationship of post-Roman burials with Roman buildings, and the relationship between early churches and Roman buildings. The aims of this research were to establish a unified corpus around which the study of these type-sites may be pursued; to present a balanced, judicious, and informed consideration of the problem of continuity, and to critically assess various models for the progress from secular structures to sacred sites; and to demonstrate that the physical remains of Roman structures had a significant impact on the religious landscape of Early Medieval England sites.

This work is a survey of 'individual' Beaker culture and Early Bronze Age burial methods in the French section of the Rhône basin, and its sphere of influence. It classifies the various forms and assesses the relevance of the distinct return to individual graves. Indeed, the presence of so-called individual graves in late Neolithic cultures and the continuation of the use of collective graves during the early Bronze Age is, in itself, an indication of the complexity of the phenomenon. The study area corresponds roughly to south-eastern France, essentially covering the Rhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d 'Azur, and eastern Languedoc administrative regions. The research examines issues relating to the development of an early Bronze Age identity in this area and applies scenarios derived from knowledge of the material culture.

The results of research over a period of ten years into the question of the origins of the Early Bronze Age in south-eastern France. The study includes investigations into ceramic production using typological, semiotic and petrographic methodologies. The CD includes analyses of a wide range of documentary material.

What is the status of the human remains from the Level 2 of the Abri Pataud? This is the question that a multidisciplinary team has tried to answer with a threefold approach: new excavations, detailed review of the collections and detailed historiographical analysis of the former excavations (HL Movius). The Level 2 of the Abri Pataud, which is a reference site for the French Upper Palaeolithic, is dated to -22 000 years. It is attributed to the final Gravettian. This book, through the contributions of 18 authors, presents the results gathered during the first five years of excavation and study (2005-2009) placing it in a the broader context of the final Gravettian in France. It brings new elements of interpretation concerning the human occupation and examines the original burial behavior observed in the Level 2.

The aim of the study is to examine technological, cognitive and symbolic aspects of metallurgy in southern Norway from the Bronze Age (i.e. 1700-500 cal. BC to the beginning of the Late Neolothic, i.e. c. 2400 cal. BC. Two sets of ideas are scrutinized: 1) ideas that have governed and still govern archaeological concepts of the Bronze Age, and 2) ideas that moulded Bronze Age mentality, arising, it is argued, from physical experience with metallurgy.

In Spain there are the remains of and references to 73 dams from the Roman era, constructed between the 1st. and 4th. centuries a.C. Fourty five of them have been located and detailed in this study.

This study uses geomorphological and spatial evidence to examine site locational strategies in the Terramare culture. The emergence of this culture is partly due to movement of population into the Emilian plain south of the river Po, followed by intensive exploitation of this new environment. Around 1150 BC., five centuries after its formation, the Terramare culture experienced a generalized collapse. The aim of studying forms of settlement in this area is to provide a better understanding of the particularities. This research shows, through reconstruction of the Bronze Age drainage network, close links between terramares and watercourses, notably including diversion of streams into the ditches surrounding the sites. This activity is probably linked to the development of irrigation and drainage. The active status of alluvial ridges during this period is discussed. The latter involving the three areas identified. Some hypotheses are then put forward about social organization, shedding light on certain ritual and votive practices, in a context where this kind of data is quite rare. Lastly, the sudden appearance and decline of this culture are put into perspective.

This study began with an intensive search to identify all prehistoric sites with soapstone artifacts in Maryland and the District of Columbia. A review of published and unpublished records and interviews with avocational archaeologists found that the number of (precisely and imprecisely mapped) is at least 340. Avocational archaeologists had collected most of the reported soapstone artifacts, and surface collecting was the most common form of artifact retrieval. These situations result in limited site contextual information and restricted opportunity to interpret site activities. The findings of this study include that soapstone use increased during the Late Archaic and remained high, at least for certain artifacts, through the Woodland periods. The few 14C dates associated with soapstone vessels in the study area and neighboring states point to the initial use of bowls around 3600-2900 BP. Consideration of the distribution of the soapstone sites and review of the anthropological literature on trade and exchange point to three major means by which Native Americans in the study area obtained soapstone artifacts: direct unfettered procurement; direct access with use of an intermediate site as staging area; and exchange with a social group which quarried and made the items. Future developments in provenance studies of soapstone may assist archaeologists in matching artifacts with their quarries. My own experiments on the manufacturing of a preform bowl demonstrate the relative effectiveness of stone and bone chisels, as well as how archaeologists might best detect soapstone debitage at sites during field testing. I suggest that two factors led to the inhabitants of the Middle Atlantic switching to ceramics: first that there was a search for more easily obtainable materials to make watertight, fire-resistant vessels; and second that the increased use of ceramics led to an increase in their mechanical properties, making them a more desirable product.

This book delivers information and technology skills to people around the world. It provides a comprehensive overview of networking, from fundamentals to novel applications and services. The book emphasizes theoretical concepts and practical application, while providing opportunities for you to gain the skills and hands-on experience needed to design and analyse novel geomatic applications. In particular, the book implements the curriculum of various disciplines involved in cultural and natural heritage conservation. This book also represents the official supplemental textbook for Academic courses in cultural and natural heritage curriculum for Universities and Research Centres. As a textbook, this book provides a ready reference to explain the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) for Cultural and Natural Heritage Conservation and Valorisation. This book emphasizes key topics, terms, and activities and provides many alternate explanations and examples as compared with geomatics courses and programmes. You can use the book as a reference book in geomatics programmes and as a main textbooks in courses on cultural and natural heritages to help solidify your understanding of all the mentioned topics.