Books published by BAR Publishing

This volume, on a delightful area within sight of the towers and spires of central Oxford, is the result of 25 years work by the author. It began as a desk study which generated sufficient interest for the author to work on a base-line botanical survey of Port Meadow with Wolvercote Common, ancient pasture, and to contrast it with a similar survey of Picksey Mead, ancient hay-meadow. The historical research was extended to look at the history of the management of both these flood-plain areas in order to understand something of the differences in their species-composition and to enable the author to relate them to their past management. The pioneering environmental archaeology undertaken in the area is now an authoritative discipline and the ground-breaking use of a multi-disciplinary approach to grassland studies is at last being recognised by Natural England and others as an essential element in management plans for Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Since the early 1980s grants have been available for increasingly in-depth studies of a single topic. The publication of this volume represents a change of view in which multi-disciplinary studies, especially those relating to the history of man and the landscape he has influenced are recognized for the breadth of vision which is their strength. The description of the vegetation has proved invaluable when working with English Nature (now Natural England) over the intervening years as it provided a base-line from which natural and man-made changes in the vegetation could be measured. In particular, the description of Port Meadow Marsh was vital in connection with the study of Apium repens carried out by the Rare Plants Group of the Ashmolean Natural History Society of Oxfordshire for English Nature from 1996-2006. The author has brought the descriptions of the various communities into line with the relevant volumes of John Rodwell's British Plant Communities. The historical sections of the work have also stood the test of time and have been brought up to date where necessary and incorporated into this new volume. With the current interest in flood-alleviation plans for West Oxford, which include the possibility of constructing new channels associated with overflow areas within the river Thames flood-plain above Oxford, which could affect the hydrology and therefore the vegetation of these ancient pastures and meads, publication of this work is timely.

The conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin in 583/1187, after nearly nine decades of Frankish rule, opened a new era of cultural, socio-economic and architectural changes. The renewed political fervour that followed it gave a fresh impetus to an extensive building activity initiated by the Ayyubids, which signified a renaissance in the style of Islamic architecture. Such style is exemplified in a large variety of monuments which would come to influence the magnificent Medieval Islamic architecture of Jerusalem. This research provides a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the Ayyubid monuments that still remain in the Old City of Jerusalem. These monuments are described and recorded by means of survey drawings and photographs, providing essential archaeological data, thus complementing the epigraphic, archival and literary historical evidence. The work comprises six chapters. A brief historical overview of the Ayyubid state, the major factors on which it was based, makes the first chapter. The sources of information utilised in this research are illustrated in the second chapter. Chapter three deals with Jerusalem in the political context of the Ayyubid state: the role Jerusalem played in the propagation of jihad against the Franks; the administrative and demographic changes introduced by the Ayyubids. Chapter four examines the architectural changes that were introduced by the Ayyubids, emphasising how political and socio- economic factors determined construction projects in the city. Chapter five constitutes the core of the book: a catalogue of the extant Ayyubid buildings in Jerusalem. These are grouped chronologically, with detailed architectural, archaeological and historical analysis, as well as interpretations of their structural evolution. In addition, four appendices list Ayyubid buildings which were rebuilt in later periods, buildings which no longer exist known from inscriptions and literary sources, segments of buildings, and an up-to-date list of Ayyubid inscriptions found in thecity and its surroundings. Chapter six discusses the various aspects and principal features characterising Ayyubid architecture in Jerusalem and its unique style as an amalgamation of Ayyubid Syrian, Crusader and local traditions. Coloured and black-and-white photographs and drawings of plans, sections, elevations and other illustrations of these buildings are included.

This volume, dedicated to Gertrud Seidmann, includes a collection of papers extending through the world of collecting and antiquarian study, covering diverse parts of the ancient world and drawing on science as well as the fine arts.

6 papers from the workshop "Scarabs outside Egypt: local production or imports?" held at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München in November 1999.

The Beazley Archive Studies in Gems and Jewellery VDr. Julia Kagan, Curator of post-Classical engraved gems in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, has devoted a lifetime of scholarship to the study of gem-engraving in Britain, in part inspired by the English Brown brothers who carved gems for Catherine the Great during the 18th century. The many articles she published in the 1960s and 1970s covering various aspects of the history of glyptics in Great Britain and the formation of the Hermitage's collection of British gems, an earlier dissertation which originally formed the basis of this book, and the attached catalogue, comprise a suitable tribute to the immense richness and diversity of gem engraving in Britain from Antiquity to the present. This comprehensive study includes a catalogue of the British engraved gems in The State Hermitage Museum, appendices of archive documents, and a table of British engravers.Translated (from Russian) by Catherine Phillips.Objects photographed by Leonard Heifitz, Svetlana Suetova and Leonid Volkov.

Hypogean Archaeology No 11Censire e studiare le cavità artificiali vuol dire documentare le architetture sotterranee. Questi sono gli Atti del IV Congresso di Archeologia del Sottosuolo e i quattordici lavori trattano le opere idrauliche realizzate dall'antichità al XX secolo, seguendo le tipologie e sottotipologie già messe in evidenza nei precedenti volumi di Hypogean Archaeology e soprattutto negli antecedenti testi che hanno inaugurato la nuova disciplina. I lavori contenuti in questi Atti offrono un panorama sulle indagini condotte nelle opere idrauliche presenti in contesti differenti, così da offrire un incentivo e uno stimolo ai futuri ricercatori. Difatti, per quanto fino ad oggi sia stato fatto, si è ancora ben lungi dall'avere documentato tutte le opere idrauliche sotterranee più importanti dell'Italia e delle Nazioni vicine e lontane. Si ricordi che lo studio delle "opere ipogee" o "cavità artificiali" necessita di un addestramento di base che solo la tecnica e la pratica speleologica possono fornire.The study and recording of artificial cavities consists in the documentation of underground structures. This volume presents the Acts of the Fourth Congress of Hypogean Archaeology, collecting 14 papers devoted to hydraulic works carried out from antiquity through the twentieth century. They follow the typologies and subtypes highlighted in the previous volumes of the Hypogean Archeology subseries, particularly those that inaugurated this new discipline. The works presented here provide an overview of surveys conducted in hydraulic works from a variety contexts, so as to offer an incentive and a stimulus to future researchers, as researchers are still far from having documented all the most important underground hydraulic works in Italy, let alone neighbouring and distant regions, and the study of underground structures and artificial cavities requires the basic training that only proper technique and speleological practice can provide.

Esta obra se centra en el estudio de la delimitación de los espacios públicos dentro de las murallas de Pompeya. Esta ciudad nos brinda la posibilidad de realizar un estudio de esta índole, ya que es considerada una cápsula del tiempo y podemos ver en ella el ejemplo más claro de cómo se organizaba urbanísticamente una urbe romana en el siglo I d.C. Para analizar la delimitación de todos estos espacios se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de los bloques irregulares de piedra (termini) que los delimitan. Estos termini estaban fuertemente protegidos por la legislación, por un derecho consuetudinario y por preceptos religiosos. Por ello, a todo aquel que osara mover o sobrepasar dichos termini con la construcción de edificios se le impondría una sanción por parte de la ciudad e incluso en algunos casos por parte del emperador.This book focuses on the delimitation of public spaces within the city wall of ancient Pompeii. Because the original pattern and architectural structures of this city are so well preserved, it provides valuable insight into the urbanism of a Roman city of the 1st century AD. The delimitation of public spaces in the city has here been examined through a study of the boundary stones known as termini. These stones were strongly controlled by municipal legislation, but they were also protected by customary law and religious precepts. Those who damaged or moved the termini, or built their house or any other structure in such a way as to violate the delimiting line marked by the termini, had to pay a penalty, which was imposed by the municipal council or, in some cases, by the emperor.

Durante la expansión de los reinos cristianos por la Península Ibérica en la Edad Media se produjo un cambio en las normas y costumbres sociales devenidas de un doble proceso de conquista y colonización. La arquitectura será una manifestación donde expresar los deseos y necesidades de la nueva sociedad cristiana. En este libro se aborda la cuestión de la forma, la estructura y construcción de la arquitectura eclesiástica tomando como caso de estudio el territorio de la Sierra de Aracena, una región del Reino de Sevilla conquistado durante el siglo XIII, a través de tres cuestiones: ¿Qué condicionantes históricos y materiales plantean la configuración de las iglesias? ¿Cuál era la forma de construir? y finalmente ¿Qué respuesta técnico constructiva tuvo?Para tratar de responder estas cuestiones se recurre al estudio de la técnica constructiva a través de diferentes fuentes, principalmente las materiales a partir de los estudios arqueológicos y de diseño de los edificios como el estudio geométrico de la planta, presentando un levantamiento completo así como de modelos 3D que muestran la información de las iglesias siendo cotejadas y caracterizadas mediante textos consultados en diferentes archivos.The expansion of the Christian kingdoms through the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages prompted a change in social norms and customs, resulting from the double process of conquest and colonisation. Architecture was one manifestation of the desires and needs of the new Christian society. This book examines the form, structure and construction of ecclesiastical architecture, taking as a case study the territory of the Sierra de Aracena, a region of the Kingdom of Seville conquered during the thirteenth century, by posing three questions: What historical and material constraints shaped the configuration of the churches? What was the approach to building them? And finally, what construction techniques resulted? To try to answer these questions the author embarks on a study of construction technique, drawing mainly on archaeological approaches such as geometric study of their floorplans, and here presents a complete survey, including 3D models that display the resulting information on the churches, which has been collated with reference to texts from a variety of archives.

As integrated and varied ritual contexts, how do changing patterns of pre-Columbian cave use inform the complex of historical, social, political, economic and related ideological processes in action during the inception, florescence, and collapse of Tipan Chen Uitz and other ancient Maya centres in Central Belize? This book aims to highlight and, within a specific regional context, to address, the tendency of the speleoarchaeology of the Maya area to isolate itself from broader topics of discourse. To this end, it explicitly contextualizes primary research in several caves along a chain of related concepts and datasets, extending from the broad body of literature on ritual and religion, through discussion of the conceptual cave context drawn from epigraphic and iconographic sources, and its invocation as recorded in contemporary (or, at least, relatively recent) ethnographic contexts and earlier post-Columbian indigenous historic sources, to the well-travelled paths of the archaeological study of caves.

Excavations on the border between Greece (sector Promachon) and Bulgaria (sector Topolni¿a) in the basin of the river Strymonas, in Macedonia northern Greece, have revealed a 'flat-extended' settlement dating to the Late Neolithic. In addition to the rich array of material culture evidence, the excavation yielded a substantial quantity of animal bones, thus offering an unparalleled opportunity to study the human-animal relationships. This book focuses on the study of the faunal assemblage from the Greek sector of Promachon, and examines the role and the contribution of domestic and wild animals in subsistence. This information is especially valuable considering the scarcity of faunal data from contemporary settlements across the basin of the Strymonas during a time period (the 5th millennium BC) that is considered one of the most dynamic eras in the prehistory of southeastern Europe. This study also clarifies trends in animal management at both the micro and the macro scales, through a detailed comparison of faunal data between Promachon and other contemporary sites from northern Greece and the Balkan regions.

The heart amulet is one of the most often depicted images in Egyptian art. Due to the scarcity of archaeological information available about the heart amulet, its artistic depictions represent an important and decisive source for the study of the meaning of these objects. We know that the amulet was already in use as early as the 11th Dynasty among the circle of Theban royalty. However, the first known depiction of the heart amulet only occurs at the beginning of the 18th Dynasty, in the Donation Stela, where the object is used by the young prince. This current study focuses on the significance and development of this iconic image.

Este trabajo pretende convertirse en un modelo teórico que sirva de sustento a un proyecto de investigación futuro sobre tecnología naval prehistórica. Para ello se realiza un desarrollo del proyecto arquitectónico de la construcción naval en la prehistoria a través del análisis de sus cuatro condicionantes básicos: condicionantes socioeconómicos, condicionantes náuticos, condicionantes materiales, condicionantes simbólicos y quizás también un quinto en lo que refiere a la herencia tecnológica y cultural. Se llega a la conclusión de que dichos condicionantes no pueden ser analizados por separados y que son parte consustancial del proyecto arquitectónico. Así también, se propone que a causa de esta realidad los artilugios náuticos se constituyeron como un elemento clave de los procesos de evolución sociocultural y, por lo tanto, jugaron un papel importante en el desarrollo de la complejidad social a lo largo de la prehistoria.This book aims to lay down the theoretical framework that will serve as the basis for a future research project on prehistoric watercraft technology. In order to achieve this, an account of the development of the architectural project of naval construction in prehistory is carried out through an analysis of its four basic constraints: socioeconomic constraints, nautical constraints, material constraints, symbolic constraints and perhaps also a fifth, consisting of technological and cultural heritage. It is concluded that these constraints cannot be analysed separately and that they are an inherent part of the architectural project. Likewise, it is proposed that, because of this reality, boats and ships were a key element of sociocultural evolution and, therefore, played an important role in the development of social complexity throughout prehistory.

This book presents the author's digitization of Pirie's substantial yet flawed corpus of 9th-century Northumbrian 'stycas'. This database, enhanced by data from elsewhere, is compared by location with the artefactual database known as VASLE (created at the University of York, 2008) to demonstrate that the co-occurrence of coins and portable artefacts defines monetary evolution in Northumbria. Additionally, the author presents a new periodization and reveals the previously disparaged gold shillings of York to have been issued by Bishop Paulinus, a disruptive finding chronologically, with wider consequences. Northumbria benefited increasingly, both monetarily and fiscally, as the face value of coins fell. Other conclusions include the idea that Northumbrian coin production was erratic; that the Yorkshire Wolds were more highly monetized than the surrounding lowlands, indicating a more enterprising culture; that styca hoards represent episcopal expropriations; and that there were significant changes in settlement and economy in the central lowlands. This work demonstrates that monetization reflected northern independence, innovation and enterprise.

Archaeology of East Asia, Volume 1Haimenkou was an important location, with trade and cultural links connecting parts of modern Southeast Asia and northwestern China in ancient times. This book is based on an analysis of the faunal assemblage recovered from the Haimenkou site during the 2008 field season in Yunnan Province, China. It investigates the human-animal relationships at Haimenkou through a time span running from the late Neolithic Period to the middle Bronze Age (ca. 5000-2400 BP). The animal exploitation patterns, local animal domestication processes, human subsistence strategies and communication networks linking Haimenkou and other regions in prehistoric China are studied. Domesticated pig, dog and sheep bones were identified. Over sixteen wild mammal species as well as bird and fish bones and mollusc shells were also recovered. The results suggest that the Haimenkou people developed a mixed subsistence economy, consisting of crop farming, plant food gathering, animal husbandry, hunting and fishing.

Ragstone to Riches tells the story of the huge Roman metalla extractive industries of the south east of the province of Britannia. These provided much of the iron to equip the military there, and ragstone to facilitate the construction of the built environment in the region during the occupation, through to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the former case this was the Wealden iron industry, which, especially to the north of Hastings, featured sites as large as any industrial enterprise today. Meanwhile, regarding the upper Medway Valley ragstone quarrying industry, the work identifies for the first time the five specific quarries which provided the material to build Roman London. For both, the author also explores the role played by the military in running these enormous metalla enterprises.

This book presents the results of excavation and analysis of technological remains from the Devon village of Hemyock, on the north-west side of the Blackdown Hills. The first major subject covered is an examination of early medieval iron technology including the largest group of C14-dated furnaces of the late 9th to early 10th centuries in Britain, which has afforded a re-examination and modelling of all other dated examples in the UK, and a review of technological change in iron production. The second major element to this volume is the study of a later major pottery production centre, dated c. 1500-1550, using a combination of microscopic and macroscopic petrology, ICP-MS and QEMSCAN in novel analysis of over 50,000 sherds. The final chapter considers evidence for the contemporary landscape context of and historical framework behind these industries, the relationship with extraction sites, and the wider environmental impacts that they had.

Entre 450 et 1000 apr. J.-C., les coquilles jouent un rôle fondamental dans les dynamiques socioéconomiques et culturelles des populations installées dans le bassin de Sayula. La présence d'un grand nombre d'indices de manufacture offre des données inédites sur l'exploitation des ressources marines pour la fabrication de parures. Une analyse systématique du matériel est menée, prenant en compte trois aspects: taxonomique, typologique et technologique. Les traces techniques, macro et microscopiques, sont observées ; le travail est complété par l'analyse de micrographies (Microscope Electronique à Balayage) et par la mise en place d'un protocole expérimental. Un modèle de classification des pièces en fonction de leur degré de transformation est établi (matière première, ébauche, préforme, déchet, objet fini, etc.), ce qui permet de déterminer leur place au sein de la chaîne opératoire (préparation, débitage, façonnage, finition). Cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension des comportements techniques des artisans préhispaniques, ainsi que des mécanismes de production des économies passées.Between 450 and 1000 AD, seashells played a fundamental role in the socioeconomic and cultural dynamics of the populations living in the region of the Sayula Basin. The study of the exploitation of marine resources used to manufacture seashell adornments provides new data stemming from the large number of technical products. Mas has here carried out a detailed and systematic description of the malacological remains, from three analytical perspectives: taxonomic, typological and technological. The book includes a description of adornments' technical traces, based on macroscopic, microscopic and micrographic observations (using a Scanning Electron Microscope) which is complemented with experimental protocols. The work establishes a model for the classification of each artifact according to its degree of transformation (such as blank, roughout, preform, debris, finished object, etc.) and thus determines its place in the operational sequence (the treatment of the raw material, the débitage, the shaping, and the finishing process). This research offers insights into the behaviour of pre-Hispanic craftsmen, and contributes towards an understanding of the mechanisms of past economies.

In the 1990s, large numbers of mainly metal objects were discovered off the Belgian coast near the port of Zeebrugge, indicating the location of an early modern wreck-site. Though at this time no appropriate legislation in regard to such a procedure existed in Belgium, the discoverer of the finds nonetheless initiated the excavation and study of this underwater site with a team of professional divers and amateur archaeologists. Unfortunately, the project was never finalised and the data related to the excavation ended up unpublished and dispersed among several members of the excavation team. Now, more than 25 years later, the author of this book aims to collect, analyse, and reassess the initial data related to the excavation, in order to propose a substantiated interpretation of this forgotten site. In order to understand the available data, Hendrik Lettany first explores the circumstances of the excavation. The resulting data, together with the actual archaeological collection from the excavation, are then carefully discussed and interpreted.

This study concentrates on Philistine decorated pottery, its production centres and trade patterns. These issues are examined by both archaeological and archaeometric approaches. Over recent years, a considerable amount of data has been accumulated on Philistine sites, especially from the excavations at Tel Miqne-Ekron, and the new excavations at Ashkelon and Tell es-Safi. Thus, although a vast literature already exists on the Philistines, their material culture and related issues, there has been very little study that systematically combines all this data. This work examines the Iron Age Philistine material culture in general and the Philistine pottery in particular, from a holistic approach. The Philistine phenomenon is defined and described in Part 1 from its various aspects: the historical background, the archaeological evidence and its social and ethnic aspects. Part 2 describes and discusses the updated archaeological evidence of pottery production and workshops in the southern Levant during the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Ethnographic research is utilized to describe the pottery production sequence, technological aspects and modes of production and distribution of pottery. As this work is a provenance study of a geographically andgeologically limited area a methodological discussion was called for presented in Part 3. In Part 4 the archaeometric results are presented. Part 5 combines the archaeological and archaeometric results and evaluates them from a broader cultural, technological and historical perspectives.

This work examines spatial variability within and between structures in the Neolithic Eastern Mediterranean and goes on to explore a number of equally significant theoretical issues that play an important role in the understanding of the particular topic. These were matters related to the way spatial information is approached by archaeology and the degree to which the archaeological record is sufficient to provide information about activity areas and changes in the use of domestic space. The work therefore sets information about structures and their furnishing in a wider methodological and theoretical context. Included are extensive analyses tables of data on sites and finds.

In this book twelve contributors present the contents of the Terminal Classic (the Mayan Lowlands, Central America) ceramic complexes in their area of study, and discuss them against the complexity and diversity of social processes illuminated by recent investigations.

This work ('The High Priests of Amun in the 'wHm mswt' Era and the Twenty-First Dynasty') explores the chronological, genealogical and historical controversies from a very dark episode in ancient Egypt: the period at the end of the rule of Ramesses XI and the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period (XXI Dynasty). The research focuses on the role played by the Theban High Priests of Amun - a field of study so far neglected by other Egyptologists.

This book interprets the exploitation of marine resources and the organisation of their uses during later prehistory in the Western Isles of Scotland. Particular attention is focused on the analysis of the fish, molluscan and cetacean remains recovered during the excavation of a settlement at Bostadh Beach in Great Bernera, Lewis. A key objective is the reconstruction of regional fishing practices particularly during the Iron Age and Norse periods. Five aspects of research are considered: fish biology, modern fisheries, ancient fisheries, taphonomy and ethnography. The role of fishing during the Iron Age and Norse periods around the Hebridean Islands is assessed, in terms of economic, social and technological factors. Fish biology and taphonomy provided the necessary association between modern and ancient fishing traditions. Taphonomy and ethnographical studies also linked past and present and allowed a more solidly based reconstruction of the islands' fishing industry through time. The combination of archaeological faunal analysis and ethnoarchaeological approaches provides data for understanding the character of fishing practices in the later prehistory of Great Bernera and other nearby Hebridean Isles.

This book attempts to bring an anthropological perspective to the historical archaeology of a complex period in the Greek past. Traditionally, discussion of the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Byzantine period in the Aegean region has focused on the fate of Classical urban culture. Scholarly opinion is divided as to whether the Classical polis and its constituent institutions emerged intact from the disruptive events of the third to sixth centuries A.D. Over the past two decades a consensus has emerged that argues that the break between Classical and Byzantine occurred in the seventh, not the fourth or fifth centuries A.D., and that it was a more gradual process than previously believed. The present study examines the Byzantine Fortress at Isthmia in the Peloponnese with an eye to understanding social change in this critical period, at the level of the site and then the region, in terms of an evolutionary perspective . This study focuses on three problems at different levels of abstraction: (1) A descriptive problem - gathering more information about the Medieval occupation at Isthmia; delineating the structural features of the Byzantine Fortress with the ultimate intent of comprehending site functions through time. (2) A methodological problem - the use of geophysical techniques to examine the subsurface of the Fortress and other selected spots to obtain the data necessary for proper description. (3) A broader historical problem - how best to reconstruct the key events pertaining to the transition from Late Antiquity to Early Byzantine. The methodological element becomes the link between the gathering of site-specific data and the wider historical implications for that information.

Roman 'small towns' were an important link between the urban civitas capitals and the rural population and offer an ideal case study for examining the extent of Roman influence permeating into the rural provinces.

Chandima Wickramasinghe provides the first comprehensive overview of historical slavery in Sri Lanka, and from a comparative perspective looks in detail at this and at the history of slavery in ancient Greece.

The decline of ancient Maya civilization has resonated in both the popular and archaeological imagination. Over the years archaeologists have questioned this "collapse" with increasing detail in some parts of the Maya area, but in the Belize Valley the era remains virtually unknown.

This volume emerged from a conference held in Glasgow in October 2001, organised by Scottish Archaeological Forum. The study of cultural landscapes is growing increasingly more sophisticated in terms of technology and method, but also in terms of the conceptual approaches and theoretical frameworks applied to that study. At the same time, landscape as a modern construct is becoming ever more complex, even contentious: who owns and manages land, for what purposes and to whose benefit? what defines wild land, how 'wild' were our landscapes in antiquity and to what extent should this perceived wildness be preserved? In Scotland, in particular, issues of land reform have come to the fore in recent years, with crofters contesting the right to buy land and the recent establishment of the first national parks. Needs for economic sustainability are often at odds with the interests of heritage management and conservation. The 15 contributions to this volume are divided into four sections: Landscapes, Seascapes, The Management of Landscapes, and Approaches to Interpretation. The first two sections showcase particular studies of archaeological landscapes and seascapes from a variety of perspectives, although a number of common themes emerge from the diverse studies.

This book is based on new archaeobotanical data retrieved during the last fifteen years from prehistoric sites located in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. More than two thousand samples from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age deposits from Makriyalos, Mandalo, Arkadikos, Dikili Tash and Marki form the basis for a consideration of prehistoric people-plant relationships in the region. The various sources contributing plant remains in the archaeobotanical assemblages are examined in order to address issues of intentional uses of plants and management of plant resources. The crops and plants harvested from the wild underline the variety in plant foods used during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in the region, at the same time pointing towards preferred staples and later crop introductions. The contribution of animal dung in the archaeobotanical assemblages is demonstrated by the assemblages considered by the book providing an insight into animal feeding and grazing patterns, revealing a variability in the strategies adopted among the archaeological sites considered, strategies that diverge from proposed models concerning animal husbandry in prehistoric Greece. The archaeobotanical data is also examined in relation to the current discussion on the co-existence of tells and extended sites in northern Greece and directions for future archaeobotanical research on the issue are pointed out.

In this work the author explores the pre-historic and historic influences on two Cypriot forests in order to compile a definitive record of the evolutionary ecology of the forest environments in response to human impact and utilisation since antiquity. The scope included the following: An extensive field survey of the afforested landscape to record species types and specific site ecology and to assess the impact of historic settlement patterns within the forest; To correlate changing forest patterns discerned from the palaeobotanic record with known human associations; To define species habitat in relation to ore bearing geological material and archaeological sites; To ascertain the current level of biodiversity; To propose a base-line for the rehabilitation of the forest environment. The information provided has been collated from observations recorded during a systematic survey of the Makheras and Adelphi Forests, Cyprus, over a period of seventeen months. An important aspect of the data recorded was a number of ancient archaeological sites, previously not thought to exist in the forest areas.