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Accounting refers to the processing, measurement and communication of financial data of businesses and corporations. The information gathered is communicated to investors, creditors and regulators in the form of financial reports and statements. Financial statements are developed on a set of generally accepted accounting principles. Auditing, financial accounting, tax accounting, management accounting, etc. are some of the subfields of accounting. Accounting information systems play a crucial role in reducing the costs of storing, accumulating and reporting of managerial accounting information. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of accounting. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for anyone interested in this field.
Financial accounting is a sub-field of accounting, which deals with the diverse aspects of summarizing, analyzing and reporting of data related to financial transactions in a business. Preparing financial statements for the public is an important aspect of this field. Financial accounting is subject to local and international accounting standards. The standard framework of guidelines is provided by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP. Financial accounting is of use to stockholders, bankers, suppliers, business owners and government agencies, among many others. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of financial accounting. This book studies and analyzes the financial accounting tools for business decision making and their utmost significance in modern times. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.
A person may suffer from crises in personal and social life, suffer setbacks and display troublesome behavior, compulsions and emotional turmoil. Counseling is the practice of providing counsel to individuals to empower them to manage personal difficulties and problems. There exists various therapeutic modalities of counseling, such as emotional therapy, existential counseling, grief counseling, grief therapy, marriage counseling, person-centered therapy, rehabilitation counseling, etc. Psychotherapy is the science that is concerned with the employment of psychological methods for the betterment of the mental state and behavior of an individual. Diverse psychotherapy techniques such as one-to-one sessions between a therapist and the afflicted individual, group therapies, therapies involving families, etc. can be employed. The book studies, analyses and uphold the pillars of counseling and psychotherapy and their utmost significance in modern times. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied techniques that fall under these categories. It is an essential guide for therapists, counselors, academicians, students and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.
Evolutionary psychology is a modern theoretical approach to the study of psychology from the perspective of evolution. It works on the belief that human behavior is a result of psychological adaptation generated to solve recurring problems in ancestral surroundings. The field strives to identify the human traits that have evolved through natural selection or sexual selection. The theories and principles developed in evolutionary psychology are of importance in the fields of psychiatry, economics, literature, environment, politics, etc. Several strategies are developed to test whether a psychological trait is an evolved adaptation, a random variation or a byproduct. These include cross-cultural consistency, form to function, function to form, current evolutionary adaptiveness and corresponding neurological modules. This book explores all the important aspects of evolutionary psychology in the present day scenario. It outlines the processes and applications of this field. This book will serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike.
Food is packaged for protection against tampering and spoilage, efficient handling and for ease of distribution. It is also meant to present information regarding its nutritional profile and sale specifications and thus encourage marketing. Food packaging is an essential aspect of the food industry. Food can be packaged into boxes, cartons, cans, trays, wrappers and pallets. A diverse range of machinery is used for food packaging such as check weighing machines, cartoning machines, conveying and accumulating machines, filling machines, vacuum-packaging machines, etc. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into food packaging. Most of the topics introduced herein cover the principles and practices of food packaging. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.
The world economy refers to the global exchange of goods and services, expressed in monetary units. It also means an aggregate of economic measurements of separate countries. The statistical indicators of employment, industries, energy, transport, etc. are significant for understanding global economy. Economic indicators include gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, gross world product, world median income, inflation rate, etc. Estimation of world economic activities is calculated by converting market valuations of a local currency into a single monetary unit with respect to the purchasing power. This textbook picks up individual indicators and explains their need and contribution in the context of a growing world economy. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments in the crucial areas of international trade, economic systems and development. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of world economy as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.
A society may be defined as a cluster of people sharing the same social territory or geography, subject to the same authority and constantly involved in social interaction. It is characterized by a distinct set of cultures, beliefs and social institutions. Social science is concerned with the study of society and societal relationships. There are several sub-disciplines of social science, which study diverse aspects of society. Some of these are anthropology, political science, psychology, economics and sociology, among others. There are a number of interdisciplinary fields of social science like gender studies, international studies, demography, behavioral science, public administration, political economy, etc. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of the art and science of society. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.
Public relations is the practice of controlling and managing the communication of information between the public and an individual or organization. Public relations serve to inform prospective customers, the public, partners, investors, employees and stakeholders about the organization and persuade them to develop and maintain a positive view of the organization, its products and leadership. The domains within this field include internal communications, media relations, crisis communications, government relations, etc. Maintaining a good image infront of the public requires the fulfillment of a number of tasks such as drafting news releases, designing communications campaigns, working with the press, holding media interviews and conferences, etc. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of public relations. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover modern strategies and techniques of public relations. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.
Mechanical engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the design, analysis and manufacture of mechanical systems. It is a multidisciplinary science that applies the principles of engineering mathematics, physics, materials science and engineering. The field focuses on the design of industrial equipment, manufacturing plants, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, etc. Computer-aided engineering is a modern tool in this field. The sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering are structural analysis, mechatronics, robotics, mechanics, etc. Research in mechanical engineering explores the development of safer, more efficient and cheaper machines and mechanical systems. Micro electro-mechanical systems, composites, friction stir welding, finite element analysis and nanotechnology are other significant areas of research under this field. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of mechanical engineering in recent times. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of mechanical engineering and their applications. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.
An organized system that deals with the organization, collection, communication and storage of information is known as an information system (IS). It can also be used to describe a combination of software, hardware, data, business processes, people and feedback that can be used for the optimization and management of an organization. An information system seeks to support decision-making, operations and management. Information systems can be of various types such as decision support systems, learning management systems, transaction processing systems, database management systems, etc. Computer based information systems are also widely used. Its main components are software, procedures, networks, hardware and databases. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of information systems and their management. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.
The field of anthropology delves into the study of human behavior and society. It draws from various natural science and social science disciplines to develop an understanding of the origin and evolution of humans, their behavior, traits and variations as well as their societal organizations, culture and conflicts. Depending on the dimensions of human life explored, anthropology may be divided into the principal areas of sociocultural, linguistic, biological and archaeological anthropology. Art, dance, music, etc. are explored in sociocultural anthropology, and the scientific investigations of evolution, human-animal interactions, etc. are crucial to biological and archaeological anthropology. The understanding of the processes of human communication, use of language, its variation and cultural influences is explored in linguistic anthropology. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of anthropology and the recent researches in this field. Some of the diverse topics covered here address the varied branches that fall under this category. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.
Urbanization is the gradual process of shift in the population from rural to urban regions, and the change brought about in the society as an effect of this shift. This process is characterized by the formation and development of new towns and cities. Modernization, rationalization and industrialization are some related aspects of this phenomenon. The study of urbanization is particularly important in the domain of urban planning and urban development. It is a political and technical process involving the design of land utilization for accommodating a residential and built environment that includes transportation, distribution and communication networks, etc. Geographic mapping and analysis, population growth prediction, zoning, survey of the water supply, etc. are some significant aspects of this field. They are also essential for ensuring public welfare and protection of the environment. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of urbanization. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts of urban development. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in these fields.
The branch of economics that delves into the development process in low-income countries through investigations into the methods of promoting economic development, growth and structural change is called developmental economics. This field is crucial for the formulation of policies and practices at domestic and international levels. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used in this process. These may involve the use of mathematical methods such as inter-temporal optimization for project analysis and restructuring market initiatives. Some prominent developmental economics theories are international dependence theory, mercantilism, neoclassical theory, post-WWII theories, structural change theory and economic nationalism. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of developmental economics and its utmost significance in modern times. It also elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to this field. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.
Archaeology is a multidisciplinary science that integrates a number of scientific disciplines such as anthropology, history, geography, geology, statistics, paleontology and paleobotany, besides many others. It studies the human activity through the analysis of material culture. Archaeological methods like remote sensing, field survey, excavation and post-excavation analysis are used for conducting investigations in this field. Some advanced methods include computer graphics, photogrammetry, drones, agent-based modeling and simulation. Archaeology has various sub-disciplines that are categorized as per civilization, chronological focus, specific material or theme. Egyptology, Sinology, Indology, etc. are some of the sub-disciplines of archaeology that are classified according to archaeological culture or civilization. Some of the other academic sub-disciplines are ethnoarchaeology, archaeometry, historical archaeology, experimental archaeology, etc. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of archaeology. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.
The design and construction of buildings or any other structures is studied under architecture. It is considered a relic of history and an important art form. It can be classified according to the time period and the region in which it was developed, into the areas of vernacular, ancient, Asian, Islamic, Renaissance, modern, postmodern and contemporary architecture. Environmental sustainability is an important consideration in architecture in the modern day. The recent architectural movements of New Urbanism, New Classical Architecture and metaphoric architecture focus on integrating smart growth, classical design and architectural tradition with a sustainable approach. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of architecture. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied types of architectural designs. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.
Business management is the efficient and effective operation of a business by managing the three primary components of a business, which are financial resources, capital and human resources. These resources are administered in the primary functional areas of legal contracting, marketing, accounting, financing and manufacturing. It encompasses the management of business operations and decision-making, efficient organization of people and other resources, and direction of processes towards common goals. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the diverse areas of business management and their applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on business management modeling and decision-making have been included herein. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying business management as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.
Computational science is a multidisciplinary field that applies computer simulation and advanced computation to develop solutions for complex problems. The core functional areas of this field are recognizing complex problems, conceptualizing the system, designing a simulation for studying the system, choosing an appropriate computing infrastructure, etc. Some of the commonly applied methods include numerical analysis, finite element methods, Monte Carlo methods, numerical linear algebra, etc. The applications of the computational models and simulations developed in computational science are in the fields of urban complex systems, computational finance, computational biology and computational engineering. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to computational science. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.
Information management is an organizational activity that involves the acquisition of information from different sources and their distribution to the points of demand. It also covers the disposal of this information through archiving or deletion. Information management comprises of the key functionalities of planning, organizing, structuring, controlling, processing and evaluation of information. This information is vital for the execution of various administrative and production tasks in an organization. The information environment is an aggregate of individuals, organizations and systems that are involved at various stages of strategic information management. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the diverse areas of strategic information management, and their applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on strategic information management have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts of the subject.
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