Books published by De Gruyter

The book is a study of the emergence of market economy with modern economic institutions in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt from the third and early second millennium B.C.E. The study covers the Sumerian, Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian periods. The economic analysis is based on Institutional Economics theory, and the data on the Old Assyrian period is based on the work of many scholars that transliterated, translated and studied many of the 23,000 documents of the Old Assyrian traders found in old Kanesh in Central Turkey.The book includes chapters on the institutions of: property rights; the markets and means of exchange; the organization and finance of trade; and enforcement institutions from the judicial, social and political systems. In addition, it gives a detailed analysis of: the early means of exchange (money) like the use of volume measure of barely and weight measure of copper and silver in Sumer; various instruments establishing property rights such as Kuduru border stones, seals and inserted cones in walls; detailed analysis of the communication system and its components; and the description of the modern financial instruments used to include, for example, limited partnerships.

This book covers various topics and trends about the advancements of maker education and the use of intelligent educational robots (IER), artificial intelligence, intelligent agents, and machine learning in P-12 education. It emphasizes promoting students (SR). The main aim of the book is to offer an overview of recent research into the adoption, integration, advancements, and impact of IER on education in the context of maker education. The topics include the application of various technologies and educational approaches for realizing IER and enhance maker education. It presents findings and discussion on applications, addresses open issues and challenges, offers solutions, and provides suggestions for future lines of research for achieving IER. This book assists researchers, practitioners, professionals, and academicians of various scientific domains in exploring and better comprehending the state-of-the-art of maker education and IER, their advancements, their impact and future potentials and benefits in education.

Unlike the bulk majority of publications on philosophy of science and research ethics, which are authored by professional philosophers and intended for philosophers, this book has been written by a research practitioner and intended for research practitioners. It is distinctive by its integrative approach to methodological and ethical issues related to research practice, with special emphasis of mathematical modelling and measurement, as well as by attempted application of engineering design methodology to moral decision making. It is also distinctive by more than 200 real-world examples drawn from various domains of science and technology. It is neither a philosophical treaty nor a quick-reference guide. It is intended to encourage young researchers, especially Ph.D. students, to deeper philosophical reflection over research practice. They are not expected to have any philosophical background, but encouraged to consult indicated sources of primary information and academic textbooks containing syntheses of information from primary sources. This book can be a teaching aid for students attending classes aimed at identification of methodological and ethical issues related to technoscientific research, followed by introduction to the methodology of analysing dilemmas arising in this context.

Invective phenomena with the purpose or effect of marginalization and exclusion, of insult and debasement, of discrimination and verbal aggression have long been in the focus of discourse-analytical research. Among the various linguistic disciplines that deal with invective communication, discourse approaches have a particular analytical potential. They shift the focus to discursive conditions and the effects of power relations which make invective practices possible in the first place, and shed light on their contextual and epistemic embeddings. The interdisciplinary volume is devoted to the forms, formats, and effects of invective communication in both contemporary and historical discourse constellation, from different cultural contexts and in diverse media constellations. The contributions from the fields of linguistics, literature, and sociology thus demonstrate the potentials of discourse-analytical approaches in the study of invectives and invectivity.

This book examines an extremely topical phenomenon, the massive industrial exploitation of animals, from a previously neglected perspective. It explores the history and development of animal industries in Nordic countries from their establishment in the late nineteenth century to the present day. These countries are often considered to be progressive and advanced in animal protection, but consumption practices in this area are actually excessive in relation to planetary resources and are among the most unsustainable on a global scale. If we want to understand current problems, it is essential to be aware of long-term changes and continuities, as well as the diversity of animals that have been exploited. The purpose of this book is to explain these changes and provide new knowledge for scholars in human-animal studies, decisionmakers and the general public.

Written artefacts are traditionally studied because of their content. Material aspects of these artefacts enrich the study of ancient history in many ways. Eleven case studies in five sections on the ancient world, including the Near East, Egypt, the Mediterranean, China and India, demonstrate the impact of a holistic approach that considers materiality and content alike.Following an introductory sketch of relevant research, the first section, 'Methodological Considerations', critically examines the limitations the evidence available imposes on our understanding. 'Early Uses of Writing' addresses material and spatial aspects of inscriptions, and their communicative functions over the textual ones. The third section, 'Material Features', deals with clay, wooden and papyrus manuscripts and demonstrates the importance of an integrated approach. The contributions to 'Co-presence of Written Artefacts' take into account that written artefacts come in clusters. The final section, 'Cultural Encounters', presents studies on the interactions between social strata and ethnic groups, challenging previous ideas.The volume contributes to the comparative study of written artefacts in ancient history, stimulating cross-disciplinary and -cultural research.

Who is morally permitted to tell jokes about Jews? Poles? Women? Only those in the group? Only those who would be punching up? Anyone, since they are just jokes? All of the standard approaches are too broad or too narrow. In on the Joke provides a more sophisticated approach according to which each person possesses "joke capital" that can serve as "comic insurance" covering certain jokes in certain contexts. When Bob tells a joke about Jews, we can never know exactly what Bob is intending since we cannot see inside Bob's mind. But we could reasonably infer, if we knew Bob himself was Jewish, if he worked tirelessly for Jewish causes, or was a card-carrying Neo-Nazi. Each would affect his joke capital, and, in certain circumstances, we would have a moral standing to demand to see his ledger to see how much joke capital he had with respect to Jews. The permissibility of that joke depends upon four factors: the joke, the teller of the joke, the audience, and the setting. The view developed in In on the Joke is the only view that clearly explains how each of these components work together in an integrated, effective ethic of humor.

Additive Manufacturing is a method of manufacturing parts and products directly from design data, by adding layers of materials in order to obtain the final shape and size with high accuracy and negligible waste. The book covers the latest developments of hybrid and bio-inspired 3D Printing, the use of Artificial Intelligence and the applications to Industry 4.0, real-time defect detection, hybrid and bio-inspired 3D Printing. .

This first volume of Collected Works of the ERC Project TYPARABIC focuses on the history of printing during the 18th century in the Ottoman Empire and the Romanian Principalities among diverse linguistic and confessional communities. Although "most roads lead to Istanbul," the many pathways of early modern Ottoman printing also connected authors, readers and printers from Central and South-Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the Levant. The papers included in this volume are grouped in three sections. The first focuses on the first Turkish-language press in the Ottoman capital, examining the personality and background of its founder, İbrahim Müteferrika, the legal issues it faced, and its context within the multilingual Istanbul printing world. The second section brings together studies of printing and readership in Central and South-East Europe in Romanian, Greek and Arabic. The final section is made up of studies of the Arabic liturgical and biblical texts that were the main focus of Patriarch Athanasios III Dabbās' efforts in the Romanian Principalities and Aleppo. This volume will be of interest to scholars of the history of printing, Ottoman social history, Christian Arabic literature and Eastern Orthodox liturgy.

The present volume examines an underdeveloped component in the theology of Karl Barth. Specifically, the work asks: how, and to what extent, can faith be understood as ontologically proper to the trinitarian becoming of God? The work argues for an ontological grounding of faith in the becoming of God. To do so, Watson performs an in-depth examination of Barth's understanding of the concept of faith. Using Barth's threefold movement of revelation, the work contends God can be thought of as the subject (Glaubender), predicate (Glaube), and object (Geglaubte) of faith. Barth's theological exposition of Jesus as subject and object of election offers a promising proposal for how faith is ontologically understood. At the same time, the argument brings to the fore a crucial component of Barth's theological program, namely, the concept of recognition (Anerkennung). God's recognizing faith is then conceived as the condition of the possibility of human faith. Drawing on Barth's entire oeuvre, Watson offers an understanding of the divine becoming of faith that opens possibilities for thinking systematically about the realization of the corresponding human faith.

Eldred offers a remedy to the consequences of ancient Greek misconceptions of time that are also entrenched in today's mathematized physics. Here time is spatialized as the one-dimensionally linear 'arrow of time' for the sake of predicting and controlling movement. But such spatialized time distorts the phenomenon of time itself. An alternative, hermeneutic-phenomenological path begins with a pre-spatial concept of time that is genuinely three-dimensional. This paves the way for recasting who we are as humans in belonging, first of all, to the free openness of 3D-temporality. This belonging enables temporally 3D-vision of the psyche that empowers us to see movement at all and reconcile its inherent contradictoriness. We are then also able to conceive ourselves no longer merely as internally cogitating, self-conscious subjects, but as engaged existentially in temporally 3D-interplay, mutually estimating and esteeming who we are. This unpredictable interplay is constrained, however, by being played out in the sociating medium of thingified value, the accumulative movement of thingified value having gained the upper hand in dictating our life-movements as well as our interplay with the earth.

Die Würzburger Sammlung umfaßt heute 216 Inventarnummern, davon 204 griechische Texte. Bisher sind 30 Stücke veröffentlicht, der größte Teil von Ulrich Wilcken, dem Gründer der Sammlung und Gründervater der Papyrologie in Deutschland. Dieser Band führt den von Wilcken 1934 veröffentlichten einzigen Editionsband fort mit 34 Ersteditionen sowie einer Neuedition. Bis auf ein möglicherweise literarisches Fragment handelt es sich um Urkunden. Darunter befindet sich eine Gruppe von 16 aus Kartonnage gewonnenen Fragmenten aus der Thebais der ersten Hälfte des 2. Jh. v. Chr., teilweise aus militärischem Kontext. Die römische Zeit ist mit einem weitgehend vollständigen Geschäftsbrief aus der Zeit des Tiberius vertreten. Aus byzantinischer Zeit stammen Fragmente mit amtlicher Korrespondenz und Verträgen, dazu einige Listen. Schon in die arabische Zeit gehören ein Sigillion über freies Geleit und eine Aufstellung über Grund- und Kopfsteuer. Der Frage nach der Provenienz ist in einem eigenen Kapitel Rechnung getragen, das alle bisher bekannten Quellen zur Erwerbungsgeschichte der Sammlung auswertet. Das neue Material ist für die Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Militärgeschichte Ägyptens sowie Antikenhandel und Provenienzforschung von Bedeutung.

Interaction with religions was one of the most demanding tasks for imperial leaders. Religions could be the glue that held an empire together, bolstering the legitimacy of individual rulers and of the imperial enterprise as a whole. Yet, they could also challenge this legitimacy and jeopardize an empire's cohesiveness. As empires by definition ruled heterogeneous populations, they had to interact with a variety of religious cults, creeds, and establishments. These interactions moved from accommodation and toleration, to cooptation, control, or suppression; from aligning with a single religion to celebrating religious diversity or even inventing a new transcendent civic religion; and from lavish patronage to indifference. The volume's contributors investigate these dynamics in major Eurasian empires--from those that functioned in a relatively tolerant religious landscape (Ashokan India, early China, Hellenistic, and Roman empires) to those that allied with a single proselytizing or non-proselytizing creed (Sassanian Iran, Christian and Islamic empires), to those that tried to accommodate different creeds through "pay for pray" policies (Tang China, the Mongols), exploring the advantages and disadvantages of each of these choices.

The second century BCE was a time of prolonged debate at Rome about the changing nature of warfare. From the outbreak of the Second Punic War in 218 to Rome's first civil war in 88 BCE, warfare shifted from the struggle against a great external enemy to a conflict against internal parties. This book argues that Rome's Italian subjects were central to this development: having rebelled and defected to Hannibal at the end of the third century, the allies again rebelled in 91 BCE, with significant consequences for Roman thought about warfare as such. These "rebellions" constituted an Italian renewal of the war against their old conqueror, Rome, and an internal war within the polity. Accordingly, we need to add 'internal war' to the already well-established dichotomy of foreign and civil war. This fresh analysis of the second century demonstrates that the Roman experience of internal war during this period provided the natural stepping-stone in the invention of civil war as such. It conceives of the period from the Second Punic War onward as an 'antebellum' period to the later civil war(s) of the Late Republic, during which contemporary observers looked back at the last 'great war' against Hannibal in preparation for the next conflict.

The contributions in the edited volume deal with different aspects of language contact which were hitherto not or not sufficiently considered in linguistic research. The impact of the colonial languages Polish and German on the structures of the written varieties of Latvian is surveyed and compared. The opposite case - the impact of indigenous languages of Nigeria and Ghana on the colonial language English - is scrutinized from the perspective of the nexus of language and culture. Language contact in a diasporic context is examined in the case study on Jordanian Chechen. The effects of language contact on the lexicon and grammar of Basque are analyzed. In the in-depth study on Maltese adpositions, the influence of the contact language Italian is a central theme. The morphosyntax of place names is analyzed for the contact languages which typically arise in colonial contexts - Pidgins and Creoles. In the typological study dealing with areal phonology, languages of Europe are investigated revealing that the role of language contact is crucial for the distribution of phonological phenomena. The novel nature and new strands of research in the contributions call for further investigations and form a new component in language-contact theory.

A slow and consistent study of the approaches for drug design can help the foundation for a good scientific intuition. This edition includes over 30 new illustrations, numerous new mechanistic schemes and enhanced original figures. In addition, the use of color makes its study more pleasant and impressive. The Second Edition has been thoroughly revised with a modern look. The chapters on QSAR and Drug Metabolism have been extended, emphasizing concepts, such as the hyperconjugative effect or the anomeric effect, in which the student normally finds it difficult to understand. Stereoelectronic effects are essential to explain the mechanism of action of drugs and therefore, its agile and intuitive handling will allow the student access to both chemical and biological mechanisms, in a more rational way. The text is illustrated with hundreds of formulas and many tables that facilitate the understanding of this interesting discipline, which is halfway between Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. This Volume is aimed at building basis principles on drug design and it is likely to be of interest to students reading, pharmacy, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical chemistry. This book emphasizes general principles of drug design and drug action from an organic chemical perspective, rather than from the overview of specific classes of drugs, allowing the reader to extrapolate information to many related classes of drug molecules. This volume presents an organic chemistry's perspective of how drug are designed and assuming no prior knowledge of biochemistry, and pharmacology. It is written in an informal, clear style so that undergraduates can easily understand the concepts presented.

Many brewers and craft beer drinkers have dreams of working at or owning a brewery. Chemists and Biologists are a very natural fit in the brewing industry given their training, background and interests in exploring the world around them. This book supports that natural curiosity through a series of interviews with these individuals who work in the brewing industry at all levels of employment from the lab manager to working as brewery staff to starting a brewery.

Automatic complexity is a computable and visual form of Kolmogorov complexity. Introduced by Shallit and Wang in 2001, it replaces Turing machines by finite automata, and has connections to normalized information distance, logical depth, and linear diophantine equations. Automatic Complexity is the first book on the subject and includes exercises with solutions written for the proof assistant Lean, computer programs to calculate automatic complexity, and many open problems.

This book offers the first in-depth treatment in English language of Habermas's long-awaited work on religion, Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie, published in 2019. Charting the contingent origins and turning points of occidental thinking through to the current "postmetaphysical" stage, the two volumes provide striking insights into the intellectual streams and conflicts in which core components of modern self-understanding have been forged. The encounter of Greek metaphysics with biblical monotheism has led to a theology of history as salvation, expanding in bold arcs from Adam's Fall to Christ and the Last Judgement. The reconstruction of key turns in the relationship between faith and knowledge ends, however, with locating the uniqueness of religion in "ritual" and defining reason as inherently secular. The book exposes the sources and trajectories, analysed by Habermas with great erudition, to different assessments in biblical studies, theology, and philosophy of subjectivity. Apart from Paul and Augustine, key lines of continuity are identified in the Gospels, early patristic theology, Duns Scotus and Schleiermacher that retain the internal connection of faith to autonomous freedom.

Los personajes de la tragedia ática han sido ampliamente estudiados desde perspectivas en las que, a menudo, sus palabras y actos se explican a partir de nuestras nociones modernas sobre la mente humana y la personalidad, y desde valoraciones éticas y juicios morales ajenos a la Grecia clásica. El ensayo Rescatando a Helena se propone contemplar la caracterización de Helena en la tragedia homónima de Eurípides desde una perspectiva en la que la inteligibilidad humana del personaje no procede del supuesto descubrimiento de su conciencia interna o de su psique individual, sino de la adecuada subordinación de la caracterización de Helena a la acción de la obra en la que dicha caracterización está orgánicamente integrada. En vez de aislar al personaje del contexto dramático al que pertenece, como si estuviese dotado de una identidad idiosincrática, mi ensayo no intenta descubrir quién es realmente Helena leyendo entre líneas por debajo de la superficie textual, sino cómo sus palabras y acciones logran conmover eficazmente al auditorio original de la obra. Frente a nuestras lecturas eruditas y reflexivas de los textos conservados, los espectadores del siglo V a. C. acudían al Teatro de Dioniso para ver y oír las acciones y las palabras de los personajes trágicos dentro de un espectáculo más amplio que incluía música y danza. Es decir, la tragedia ática era ante todo una experiencia emocional, no una ocasión para la introspección psicológica o la reflexión filosófica.

Die Lyrik des Epikers Günter Grass stand lange Zeit in dem zweifelhaften Ruf, "interpretationsfeindlich" zu sein. In ihrer Sinnlichkeit wie in ihrer Reflektiertheit verschließen sich vor allem die frühen Gedichte dem flüchtigen Konsum. Da sind zum einen ihre idiolektischen Bilder, die die Geduld und die Findigkeit des Lesers herausfordern, da sind zum anderen die weiten Anspielungshorizonte, die Traditionszitate, das Kulturwissen, ohne deren Kenntnis dieser lyrische Kosmos oft abweisend wirkt. Der Leser findet deshalb im Kommentar neben lexikalischen Angaben zu Personen, geschichtlichen Ereignissen und Räumen, neben Bedeutungserklärungen zu historischem und regional bedingtem Wortmaterial sowie zu individuellen Sprachmustern Aufschluss über die Verweisungssysteme, die durch Zitate, Anspielungen, Imitationen und Transformationen einen Bedeutungsüberschuss erzeugen. Auch motivische, thematische, gedankliche oder ikonographische Beziehungen zum Gesamtwerk werden nachgewiesen, sofern diese zur Erhellung des Textverständnisses beitragen.

Die umfassendste antike Darstellung der Rhetorik findet sich ohne Zweifel in der Institutio oratoria von Quintilian. Obwohl schon viele Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler ihre Forschungen der antiken Rhetorik gewidmet haben, gab es bisher keinen umfangreichen und tiefgehenden Kommentar des 7. Buches von Quintilians Institutio oratoria. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt diese Forschungslücke. Sie ermöglicht dem/der Leser/-in eine erkenntnisreiche Lektüre, indem ausführliche Informationen zu sprachlichen, textkritischen und inhaltlichen Problemen geboten werden. Die Untersuchung ist in drei Hauptteile gegliedert: (1.) Die Einleitung bietet Erklärungen zu den Hauptthemen der divisio (systematische Gliederung mithilfe von Fragen) sowie der Statuslehre (Einteilung dieser Fragen in Kategorien). (2.) Die Neuedition des Textes stellt die Grundlage für (3.) den Kommentar dar. Jeder, der sich für antike Rhetorik, ihre Argumentationsstruktur, die Welt der Deklamationen und die Kultur der frühen Kaiserzeit interessiert, bekommt mit diesem Buch einen kritischen Begleiter zum Verständnis des von der Forschung eher oberflächlich rezipierten 7. Buches der Institutio oratoria.

Conservation laws, reflecting the symmetry of space and time, play a vital role in understanding the surrounding world. Conservation laws allow us to explain very different phenomena from a unified point of view. The textbook illustrates this principle taking examples from mechanics, optics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and medicine. They include, for example, positron annihilation used in experiments aimed at neutrino registration and in the positron emission tomography for patient diagnostics; the functioning of solar cells, infrared detectors, and light emitting diodes (LEDs); slowing down fission neutrons toward achieving a nuclear chain reaction; jet propulsion of a rocket and an octopus; principles of magnetic resonance imaging and principles standing behind fission and fusion nuclear reactions; and more.

This volume brings together scholars from a range of disciplines to explore the intersections between crisis, scholarship, and action. The aim of this book is to think about the "moment of crisis," through the concepts, writings, and methodologies awarded to us by Jewish thinkers in modernity. This book offers a broad gallery of accounts on the notion of crisis in Jewish modernity while emphasizing three terms: interpretation, heresy, and messianism. The main thesis of the volume is that the diasporic and exilic experience of the Jewish people turned their philosophers and theologians into "experts in crisis management" who had to find resources within their own religion, culture and traditions in order to react, endure and overcome short- and long-term historical crises. The underlining assumption of this book is therefore that Jewish thought obtains resources for conceptualizing and reacting to the current forms of crisis in the global, European, and Israeli spheres. The volume addresses a large readership in humanities, social and political sciences and religious studies, taking as its assumption that scholars in modern Jewish thought have an extended responsibility to engage in contemporary debates.

This book offers a timely understanding of the history of the Democratic and Republican Parties and their adaptability, endurance, and importance in presidential elections. Taking the reader from the beginnings of parties as caucuses of members of the First Congress meeting in 1789 through November 2020's presidential election, it provides a fascinating historical account of the debates, events, and personalities behind the beginnings of the nation's political parties. This includes the importance of national party nominating conventions in the nineteenth century, the growing importance of primary elections in nominations beginning in the early twentieth century, and the changes of campaigning for presidential candidates as they started to travel across the United States for the first time in the early twentieth century. The book tells the story of the beginnings of nationally televised presidential debates and any number of other changes in the era of broadcasting and now digital platforms for presidential elections in the twenty-first century. It finishes with a look at political dynamics since the November 2020 election and a study of negative partisanship to define how campaigning for the White House works today.

With the advancement in medicinal chemistry and material science, several highly specific, biocompatible and non-toxic therapeutic agents have been discovered and successfully applied for various clinical applications. Many of the conventional constraints of clinical therapies have been replaced and overcome by the multifaceted applications of material science and nanotechnology. Recently, material science-based therapeutic agents are the major global pharmaceutical market and are believed to mount exponentially shortly. Among the various therapeutic agents, hydrogels are one of the most widely applied materials used in the treatment of various diseases, and one of the most diverse materials that are used for multipurpose applications. Hydrogels were the first biomaterials used for Human being. Hydrogels are polymeric linkages, water-insoluble, however, sometimes established as a colloidal gel in water. Hydrogels are the superabsorbent materials because it can absorb more than 90% water, and hence regarded as natural living tissue. Mechanically strong hydrogels were synthesized by the advent of new synthetic strategies. Owing to the swollen properties, three-dimensional polymer network, and strong mechanical characteristics, these are widely used in catalysis, adsorption, drug delivery systems for proteins, contact lenses, wound dressings, wound healing, bone regeneration, tissue engineering, baby diapers, food rheology, and many others. Due to their diverse applications, hydrogels are considered one of the smartest materials in pharmaceutics, and are eco-friendly materials, cheap, and have good recyclability. They are used as therapeutic agents in different health sectors. As they are very sensitive to target, therefore it is considered favorite and preferred choice in biomedical sectors. Patients are psychologically scared of surgeries regarding huge expenses and failure. So researchers are working on hydrogels as alternative surgical replacement. In most cases, they have successfully achieved research on hydrogels in bones and tissues repairment. It might be hope of life for serious patients in future. The domain of this work will cover state of the art potentials and applications in various technological areas.