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An Act passed by the State of Virginia in 1853 required that a register of marriages, a register of births and a register of deaths be kept by court clerks. It also required that a copy of these records be provided to two locations: the Auditor of Public Accounts in Richmond, Virginia, and the local clerk of the court. Unfortunately, the two records often differ. This compilation is based primarily on the copy that was filed with the Auditor of Public Accounts. It represents 3,927 death records for whites, non-whites and slaves, for the period 1856-1896. There are no records in this series for 1853-1855 and 1863-1869. The records in this volume include: 1,327 white; 2,096 colored; 467 slave; 29 unidentified; 13 free black; and 1 mulatto. Entries include the full name of the deceased, race: White or Colored (free or slave), name of slave owner, gender, date of death, place of death, name of disease or cause of death, age, names of parents, where born, occupation, consort of or unmarried, name of person giving the information of death, and designation of informant. Earlier entries for Colored may also list whether free or slave and name of slave owner. The front matter includes: Abbreviations, Act Requiring Vital Statistics, Common Diseases and Causes of Death, and two Register of Death examples (1861 and 1896). A place name index adds to the value of this work.

The purpose of this work is not to reproduce the record but to extract the content so that researchers may determine if the actual recorded copy needs to be consulted elsewhere. Entries here give the page numbers from the original record, date of the instrument and recording, signatories (both parties and witnesses), type of record, and a brief abstract to show the purpose of the original writing. Few deeds give actual metes and bounds, but rather give adjacencies as landmarks or reference to the properties of other owners. Many deeds give acreage as an estimate in round numbers, like "100 acres more or less." Spelling of known parties varies significantly, even within the same record. Commissions where a wife was examined to relinquish her rights are not always filed with the record to which they pertain. Individual items such as animals, kitchen or household furniture, or other personal items are indexed as personal property. Of particular interest in the deed books for this period are the multiple polls or election lists. These may be useful to researchers as a type of early enumeration or census of eligible voting white males for a particular district within Essex County. This collection is filled with references to apprentices, bonds for public position, guardians, emancipation of slaves, military service references, powers of attorney, and deeds, gifts, mortgages, agreements, and polls. An index to full-names, places and subjects adds to the value of this work.

In 1853, the Commonwealth of Virginia began an annual registration of births and deaths. The Birth Index of Slaves, 1853-1865 was later transcribed by the Works Project Administration (WPA) and recorded on microfilm. While the information-name of slave owner, infant's name, mother's name, birth date, place of birth-is of immense value to genealogists, working with the microfilm can be problematic. Hence, the creation of this multi-volume reference work, Virginia Slave Births Index, 1853-1865. In 2003, staff and volunteers with Local History/Special Collections, Alexandria Library began to transcribe the WPA microfilm, enter data into spreadsheets, and sort the information by slave owner's surname and given name. Entries include single births, multiple births, and stillbirths. Occasionally, both parents of an enslaved infant are identified. In rare instances, the name of a freeborn infant appears. Independent city and county names are spelled out. Data not reported in the microfilm is denoted by "----." Illegible text in the microfilm is denoted by "####." This index includes more than 130,000 entries.

This valley includes the counties of Augusta, Rockingham, Shenandoah, Page, Warren, Frederick, and Clarke of VA, and the counties of Berkeley, and Jefferson of WV. The majority of Germans immigrants came to the valley from MD and PA prior to 1800, with a

The Tidewater area of Virginia covers Henrico and Charles City Counties. These two counties were the parent counties of Goochland, Albemarle, Amherst, Buckingham, Fluvanna, Cumberland, Powhatan, Chesterfield, Richmond City, Prince George, Brunswick, Lunenburg, Halifax, Bedford, Pittsylvania, Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Amelia, Prince Edward, Nottoway, Dinwiddie, and Petersburg City. Families mentioned in this volume include: Baugh, Bevill, Bland, Bullington, Cousins, Cox, Giles, Gower, Hancock, Hatcher, Howlett, Knibb, Mann, Perkinson, Perrin, Ragsdale, Soane, Stratton, Tanner, Trent, Walthall, and Webster. Jourdan takes the lineage from the earliest colonial records up through about 1800 using a wide range of documented sources: unpublished manuscripts, published family histories, magazine and newspaper articles, history books, biographies, abstracts of records, as well as some original records of Henrico County and the various counties which evolved from and adjoined the original county. A full-name index adds to the value of this work.

This work describes the genealogical and historical holdings of historical societies, court houses, archives, and public libraries in York and Adams Counties. It contains information on original records, and bibliographies of published material, church and probate records, and other source materials. It also includes listing of cemetery records held by the Historical Society of York. Chapters include: Archives, Court Houses and Institutions; Atlases, Maps and Gazetteers; Bibliography; Cemeteries; Censuses, Directories and Tax Lists; Churches; Family Histories; Land; Military; Naturalization; Newspapers; Origins of Settlers; Other Court Records; Passenger Lists and Immigration Records; Periodicals and Other Publications; Probate Records; Townships; Vital Records; and Visiting York County. An index to full-names, places and subjects adds to the value of this work.

Revised, corrected, and greatly expanded from the first edition published in 1989. This is a genealogy in the true sense of the word. It brings more than dates and names to the light by focusing on the historical significance, motivation, and trials and joys of this family. "Scots-Irish McCrays settled in most of the American colonies, and were always among the first pioneers in westward moving frontiers. The story of each McCray family, with particular attention given to female spouse lineage, and written in narrative form, is preceded by an account of the political and economic forces that motivated their migrations, as well as their role in the development of new communities they helped to found. This work examines the seventeenth century origin of the Scots-Irish as a distinct ethnic people, when Scots in Ulster fell victim to Stuart oppression and Irish rebellion, and who then fled to America in a series of five great migrations during the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century." Some of these McCrays eventually settled in New England, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, and Pennsylvania. "Original records, private journals and anecdotes, supplied by dozens of contemporary McCrays, bring life to ancestors." Contains detailed family charts, maps, and an extensive index.

Union County was formed in 1785; in 1800 it became Union District. In the colonial period, the area of Union County was considered part of Craven County or Berkeley County, South Carolina. Prior to the border surveys of 1764 and 1772, the area was included in the North Carolina counties of Anson, Mecklenburg, and Tryon. For this reason, many grants and deeds from North Carolina are referenced in the Union County deeds. Union County bordered on the counties of Spartanburg, Laurens, Newberry, Fairfield, York, and Chester. Little changes in its boundaries occurred until 1897 when a portion of Union County was taken, with portions of Spartanburg and York Counties, to form Cherokee County. The deeds in this volume were recorded between 1800 and 1811. As is common, there are deeds recorded from a much earlier time period. The earliest deed included in this work dates from 4 July 1769. The deeds in this volume have been abstracted from South Carolina Archives microfilm, Rolls C2206 and C2207. Abstracts typically include: deed book and page number(s), date of sale/lease, name of grantor/lessor, name of grantee/lessee, the grantee/lessee's county and/or district of residence, amount charged and/or paid, number of acres and location of property (in a few cases the property is a slave rather than land), names of witnesses, name of justice of the peace and/or other official approving deed, date approved, and date recorded. A map of Union District (1822), a full-name index, and a place index add to the value of this work.

The Connecticut, Hudson and Delaware Rivers have played, and continue to play, a significant role in America's trade and transportation system, which enhance local economies and the national economy. This history discusses shipyards, vessels, shipbuilding and trade towns of the Connecticut, Hudson and Delaware Rivers, how these waterways impact trade, and the significance to our nation's waterborne transportation industry.Chapters include: History of Connecticut River Boats with U.S. Waterborne Transportation, Travel and Trade; History of Connecticut River's Shipbuilding/Trade Towns; History of Hudson River Boats with U.S. Waterborne Transportation, Travel and Trade; History of Hudson River's Shipbuilding/Trade Towns; History of Delaware River Boats with U.S. Waterborne Transportation, Travel and Trade; History of Delaware River's Shipbuilding/Trade Towns; Canals That Improved Navigation for Vessels Transporting Commerce and Passengers on Connecticut, Hudson, and Delaware Rivers; Today's Boats Navigating the Connecticut, Hudson, and Delaware Rivers; and Author's Summary. This work is enhanced by a variety of photos of shipyards, ships that currently navigate these rivers, and historic vessels that previously navigated these rivers.

Lyman Copeland Draper's collection focuses on what he called the "Trans-Allegheny West" during the Revolutionary War years. This area included the western Carolinas and Virginia, the entire Ohio River Valley, and parts of the Mississippi River Valley. Letters and interviews in his collection date from the 1840s to 1891, with an emphasis on the western frontier (Kentucky). In this work, letters, interviews, military correspondence and other documents are selected from volumes 4 through 13 of the Boone Papers. Extracts from these ten volumes include more than eighty first-hand accounts. Draper's correspondents relate their stories of Indian captives, raids on isolated cabins, and prolonged sieges on the Kentucky forts. The mythology of Boone is somewhat balanced by Draper's correspondents, many of whom knew Boone personally. The purpose of this work is not to make a complete transcription. Selected letters and interviews have been extracted/transcribed to make available some of the most valuable accounts of a vital era in our history and to make more widely available Lyman Draper's tribute to Daniel Boone and those he called the "warrior-pioneers." These same pioneers, hearing of Boone's adventures, became adventurers and defenders of the frontier as well - some as far west as California. Facsimile reprints of original documents and an appendix that provides a list of other items discovered in the reading of the microfilm add to the value of this work. An index to Draper's original volumes presents full-names, places and subjects with the original volume and page number.

The author was inspired to create this helpful resource book while researching her second great-grandmother Mildred Timbers. It is not known how Mildred became a slave. Was Mildred willed to someone? Was she purchased at a sale? Was her mother already property when she was born? Without a helpful aid, like the books in this series, the author was faced with the daunting task of reading every page of every Will Book to find the answers. This is the book the author wished she had to help her with her research. Is your ancestor within these pages? Will books are a good source in the search for slaves only if the owner named the slave(s). This series provides researchers with easy access to information that could otherwise require several months of reading through microfilm. Each chapter contains one Will Book. Documents include administrators, estate, executors and guardian accounts, wills, inventory and appraisals. Entries list each slave owner, followed by the page number, date and type of document. The list of slaves follows and the new owner is listed if known. Surnames of the owner's children are indexed only if noted in the document. First names have been standardized in order to make it easier to search for a name. A full-name index adds to the value of this work. This series is a MUST for researchers of slaves and/or owners of Fauquier County, Virginia.

"Contrary to popular wisdom, American Quakers did not first appear in Pennsylvania, the Quaker State, in 1682. Rather they appeared in 1655 in Virginia. In the 330-odd years thereafter, the Friendly Virginians, as I have come to call them, have stood for peace and against violence, for religious freedom, civil rights and women's rights. They have striven to end war, change the penal system and aid Native Americans. Their world view has affected their lives and characters and also, as you read, the ways of the larger society." *From the Preface. Chapters include: The Quaker Way Comes to Virginia, 1655-1660 which opens on a street corner in the city of London in the summer of 1654; Virginia's Quakers and the Right to Worship as One Wishes, 1660-1663; In Which the Truth is Crushed to Earth, 1664-1677; The Friendly Virginians Become Somewhat Respectable, 1677-1700; At Last within the Law, 1700-1733; West of the Blue Ridge, 1733-1750; The Quaker Way Alters Course, 1750-1763; Farewell, Britannia, 1763-1775; The Friendly Virginians and the American Revolution, 1775-1781; After So Many Ages, 1782-1800; To the Westward Waters, 1800-1820; The Blood of Christ, 1820-1833; On Laying Down Virginia Yearly Meeting, 1833-1850; O, Virginia! Virginia! 1850-1865; They Leap the Hedge, 1865-1900; Thee Interests Me, 1900-1950; and, I Think of the Great Work, 1950 -Now. Photographs, a map, an appendix listing Quaker Meetings in Virginia, a bibliography, and a full-name index enhance the text.

The French and Indian War was part of a complicated power struggle fought on a world scale between Great Britain and France. In North America, the complexity of this war was magnified by the clashing cultures swept up in it: European, colonial, and Native American. Prior to the publication of this encyclopedia, researching this war was a cumbersome chore of assembling and interpreting a motley group of sources. This task could involve costly travels to colonial records repositories, or time-consuming requests for British military records and translations from French-Canadian archives. In this convenient reference work, the researcher will find a distillation of information from many sources. The entries provide richly detailed biographies of British and French officers and men, noteworthy colonists, and prominent Native Americans. Other entries include regimental histories, important battles, locations, forts, military terminology, Native tribes, and political and social issues. An avid collector of books on early American history for more than forty years (and dealer for more than twenty years), Don Stoetzel acquired over 2,500 books on the French and Indian War alone. The Encyclopedia of the French & Indian War in North America, 1754-1763, is the fruit of his lifetime love of books and history.

In 1853, the Commonwealth of Virginia began an annual registration of births and deaths. The Birth Index of Slaves, 1853-1865 was later transcribed by the Works Project Administration (WPA) and recorded on microfilm. While the information-name of slave owner, infant's name, mother's name, birth date, place of birth-is of immense value to genealogists, working with the microfilm can be problematic. Hence, the creation of this multi-volume reference work, Virginia Slave Births Index, 1853-1865. In 2003, staff and volunteers with Local History/Special Collections, Alexandria Library began to transcribe the WPA microfilm, enter data into spreadsheets, and sort the information by slave owner's surname and given name. Entries include single births, multiple births, and stillbirths. Occasionally, both parents of an enslaved infant are identified. In rare instances, the name of a freeborn infant appears. Independent city and county names are spelled out. Data not reported in the microfilm is denoted by "----." Illegible text in the microfilm is denoted by "####." This index includes more than 130,000 entries.

This informative genealogy illuminates as many as seven generations in each family descended from the brothers: Jeremiah and John Wood. Jeremiah Wood (1678-1730) married Dority Benett in 1709 in Lyme, Connecticut. Jeremiah's brother, John Wood (d. 1725) married Elizabeth Buckminster in 1704 in Framingham, Massachusetts. The descendants of these brothers are treated in two separate sections providing ample historical material on the early families, including occupations, land holdings, contents of wills, personal characteristics, education, military service, spouses and children, and sometimes information about their ancestors. Each generation is listed, and each individual is assigned a chronological number. The lists include the names of children and their spouse, and when possible, dates of birth and death, and sometimes the place of death. If someone was married more than once, the children of that union are listed under the corresponding parents' names. Two indices round out this volume: one referencing heads of families by the name of Wood and the other heads of allied families. The text is further enhanced by more than a dozen portraits.

The village of Bergen, established in 1660, was the first permanent settlement in New Jersey. Now known as Hoboken and Jersey City, the marshy land on which Bergen was founded is just across the Hudson River from New York. At the beginning of this century, when this book was written, the Bergen region was still known for an old-fashioned charm. Daniel Van Winkle wrote in his preface, From its antiquity and historical importance, "Old Bergen" deserves more than a passing glance. Founded during the infancy of our country, and standing at the gateway of the continent, it was subjected during the colonial and revolutionary period to the privations and vicissitudes peculiar to those early days, to an unusual degree. The people inhabiting its territory, retaining to a great extent the characteristics and conservativeness of their forefathers, were oftentimes visited by their city neighbors, when tired and worn with the cares and anxieties of a business life, to secure a momentary relaxation and rest among their peaceful surroundings. Mr. Van Winkle used sources such as colonial and revolutionary documents, old newspaper articles and individual's reminiscences to compile this pleasant and enjoyable history. Chapter subjects include discovery of the region, early settlements, native inhabitants, dissatisfaction with Gov. Kieft, English and Dutch rivalry, Revolutionary times, transportation, churches, War of 1812, Civil War, customs and habits, and old homes. There are over 25 maps and pictures, and an everyname index has been added.

This informative and extremely helpful guide explains the relatively simple evolution of names such as Neill to O'Neill, as well as the baffling transfiguration of Johnson to McShane. It also describes the interchangeable use of different surnames, a practice which resulted from the translation of names between the English and Irish languages. The name Smith, for example, could have been used interchangeably with Gowan, Goan, Gow, McGowan, or O'Gowan; each of these representing the Anglicized form of the Irish word gobha-a smith. The text clarifies the meaning of prefixes and affixes, initial letters, second and third letters, contractions, spelling according to pronunciation, older forms of names, local variations in spelling and form, irregular use of maiden surnames, Christian names applied to both sexes, and other problems associated with names. The key to many genealogical puzzles lies in finding the district of origin of a surname variation. This book provides an alphabetical list of surnames and their variations plus a list of districts numerically keyed to the surnames. A third list keys each name to the principal name under which it may be found in the first alphabetical list. Don't let its small size fool you-this practical little research aid is indispensable to anyone searching Irish roots!

The Cumberland region included Kentucky, Tennessee and parts of what was then known as Virginia. The area became known as "Cumberland Country" since the pioneers had to cross over the Cumberland Mountains and through the Cumberland Gap to reach the territory. The twenty-two churches whose records were abstracted for this book were located in Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee. These early church records are an untapped rich resource for the genealogical researchers. The records in this book include marriages, births, baptisms, communions, deaths, and registers of deacons and lay members. This volume includes listings from churches grouped by state. Arkansas churches: Prairie Grove C. P. Church of Washington County; and Rock Springs - Oak Grove C. P. Church of Pope County. Illinois church: Shiloh - Mount Pleasant C. P. Church of Cass County. Kentucky churches: Sand Springs - Mount Pleasant C. P. Church of Daviess County and Shady Grove C. P. Church of Graves County. Mississippi church: Hernando C. P. Church of DeSoto County. Missouri churches: Shawnee Mound C. P. Church of Johnson County, Huntsville C. P. Church of Randolph County, Ely - Union Valley C. P. Church of Marion County, Mount Hope C. P. Church of Randolph County, Rochester C. P. Church of Andrew County, Surprise C. P. Church of Lafayette County, Watson C. P. Church of Atchison County, Keysville C. P. Church of Crawford County and Union Chapel C. P. Church of Randolph County. Tennessee churches: Cave Spring C. P. Church of Overton County, Parkes Station-Zion C. P. Church of Maury County; Alred - Shiloh C. P. Church of Overton County, Post Oak - Spence's Chapel C. P. of Decatur County, Beaver Creek C. P. Church of Jackson County and Silver Creek C. P. Church of Maury County. A surname index augments the records.

This book contains abstracts of entries from the will books of Clarke County, Virginia, Books A-I (1836¿1904) and Circuit Court Books 1A-3C (1841-1913). This work is divided into three sections: General Index to Entries, 'which denotes the book: page where the will, appraisal/inventory, settlement account (or other account), and sale can be found;' Abstracts of Will Books A-I; and, Abstracts of Will Books 1A-3C. 'These abstracts are designed to give an overview of each document, summarizing information and listing pertinent individuals, including mention of slaves and distributees. Purchasers (names with only initials not included) at the estate sale were included to help identify relatives and neighbors of the deceased. Entries for an individual of the same or very similar name are grouped together, while preserving relative order of all estate entries. Original spellings were used, while listing any given alternate spellings.' Abstracted information includes wills, appraisals, inventories, settlement accounts, other accounts, and sales. A list of abbreviations and a full-name index add to the value of this work.

"This book contains Birth, Marriage, and Death data on the people of Danville, NH (formerly Hawke, until 18 June, 1836). This information is compiled from various sources. The largest amount of data was from the Town Reports of Danville, NH, 1760-1992 inclusive, and taken from the book Vital Records of Danville, NH from 1760-1886, published 1979 by the Hawk Historical Society Danville, New Hampshire. Permission by Deborah S. Meigs of the society to include their data in this book is appreciated. Some information is from residents of Danville who were the author¿s relatives, now deceased. Some cemetery data was obtained by his visiting the cemeteries in the years past. Often the data of each individual record is compiled from multiple sources. A few of the individuals were not b, m, or d in Danville, but are parents or children of those who were. The compiler took the liberty to add Jr. and Sr. to some records so as to distinguish between child and parent and so the database would sort correctly. Also in situations where a b record showed the spelling of a name like Dotty, the m record showed Dority and the d record showed Dorothy, the names were all entered as Dorothy so the data base could sort and link to the spouse and parents correctly." The arrangement is alphabetical.

Fauquier County was created in 1759, and is one of the few Virginia counties to have all of its deed books extant. The abstracts in this volume are taken from deed books seven and eight, and, in addition to deeds, include a variety of records such as: leases, bonds, contracts of sale, commissions, mortgages, and apprenticeships. Each abstract gives the names of the grantor(s) and grantee(s) as well as other individuals mentioned

The New Jerusalem Lutheran Church congregation was established in Lovettsville, Virginia, in 1765 by people who were predominantly of a rural German background. Soon after a church building was constructed, burials began around it. The Lutheran pastors began recording burials in 1785. The earliest burial is not known as there are many unmarked graves. The earliest readable inscription is that of Isack Vckens (sic) 1770; however, the majority of the stones are from the 1800s. Mrs. Aurelia Jewell copied information from the headstones in 1949. Some of the stones she transcribed are no longer present or are not legible; seventy-eight stones have since been found and are included in this book. The book is organized in three parts: an alphabetical list, a row order list, and an index for names other than the decedents. The alphabetical list is arranged by the surname of the deceased; the row order list is arranged by cemetery row. Entries include: location of the grave (stone and row), full name of the deceased, dates of birth and death, and other names (parent(s), spouse, consort, and/or children) and relationships (when stated). Index entries refer to other people on the headstone (not the decedent) followed by the row and headstone number (not the page number). This is not a complete listing as not all stones had inscriptions and not all inscriptions were legible.

Continuing in the format similar to her Settlers of Colonial Calvert County, Maryland, Ms. Jourdan provides an enormously helpful aid in the research of St. Mary's families. The author gives a concise listing of abbreviated abstracts taken from probate, church records, chancery records, naturalizations, the patent books, rent rolls and major publications such as the Maryland Archives series. The information is arranged alphabetically by surname and an index to full-names and places adds to the value of this work. One should use this as the primary aid for further research of primary and secondary sources which exist for the county. This is a must-have book for genealogical research in St. Mary's County.

This volume contains abstracts of land records taken from Prince William County, Virginia, Deed Book Liber D, 1738-1740. A full-name index adds to the value of this work.

Few records survive from this formative period in Tennessee history when Davidson County encompassed all of middle and western Tennessee. They are important because many people mentioned in the court minutes do not appear in other records.

Sampson Sanders was the wealthiest landowner in Cabell County, [West] Virginia during the antebellum period, and the owner of fifty-one slaves that came to him through inheritance. Sanders never purchased or sold a slave, and upon his death, he manumitted all his slaves and provided them with the means and land to start a new life as free men and women in Michigan. This remarkable man taught his slaves to run his holdings rather than hire an overseer, and in defiance of Virginia laws, it is evident that some of his slaves could read, write and cipher. Readers and historians will appreciate this well-researched perspective of life on Sander's unique plantation, as well as the history of its slaves. Thanks to nearly complete records, Carrie Eldridge is able to trace family origins back to Hannah, the family matriarch, and reconstruct the history and evolution of an African-American family from 1780 to the present. Numerous illustrations, appendices, a bibliography and indices to people and places enhance the text.

These records include Paramus Reformed Dutch Church (baptisms, list of members for 1799), 1740-1800; a few records from the Waldwick Methodist Church (baptisms, Ministers 1791-99); and Ramapo Lutheran Church (baptisms 1750-1800). A full-name index adds to the value of this work.

The Register of Free Blacks kept by the clerks of Rockingham County from 1807 to 1859 is one of the most conscientiously-kept records of the Commonwealth. Here, the register has been transcribed, providing researchers with a valuable data source. A typical entry contains the subject's name, date of registration, physical description and details of emancipation. While all free blacks were officially required to register every year in the cities and every three years in the counties, compliance with the law was generally lax, suggesting that "all those within at least the more rural communities of Virginia were not only known to each other but coexisted with relative harmony." Consequently, many free blacks never bothered to re-register or even to register at all. Therefore, warns the author, a Professor of History at James Madison University, the "presence or absence of an individual's name_is not conclusive proof of anything." Of the free blacks who did register in Rockingham County, most "claimed freedom by birth from free black or white mothers" (the status of a child was determined by the mother's status at the time of the child's birth). Of the rest, the majority were slaves emancipated by the last will and testament of their owners. A minority "but nevertheless significant number" of registered blacks secured their freedom by buying deeds of emancipation from their owners, sometimes for a nominal sum of money but other times up to his or her current market value as a slave. Since many of the wills of Rockingham County were destroyed in the Civil War, the references in the register are often the only clue to their existence, making this book a valuable tool even for those without black ancestors. A list of the wills that did survive is contained in the appendix. The everyname index will be a great aid to researchers.

Horrific and unforgettable battles like Gettysburg, Antietam, and Shiloh are well documented, but many other lesser-known events litter the American Civil War as well. Some of them are strange, unusual, or obscure, yet they are all equally important.History-hungry individuals curious about a homegrown conflict that harvested more than 700,000 lives will find ample sustenance here to appease their appetites. For instance, in this volume can be found a Union and Confederate conflict that occurred in the English Channel, while another engagement that predates Bull Run holds the distinction of being the first significant land battle of the Civil War, and still another involves a land fortification which surrendered solely to the inland navy-it would not happen again throughout the war. Numerous photographs, additional illustrations, bibliographies, and index to full names and places enhance the value of this work.