Books published by Nova Science Publishers Inc

Population growth, increasing living standards, and rapidly changing climate have resulted in an increasing demand for freshwater, accelerating the water degradation challenges. There is a compelling need to minimize water consumption and develop approaches to effectively manage existing water resources. On a positive note, water resource management strategies discussed in this book present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity. Chapter 1 discusses decentralized water management approaches for intervening the urban water cycle to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This chapter concludes with a need to use a suite of tools based on decision support systems for managing urban water resources. Chapter 2 discusses the need for assessing suitability of various types of models for a specific scenario based on the required level of complexity. This chapter discusses in detail the underlying criteria behind model selection, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Urban watersheds can be more challenging compared to natural watersheds. The urban watersheds include parking lots, roads, and developed structures, all of which contribute to a myriad of anthropogenic pollutants through stormwater runoff. Computer-based models can be used to study water quality issues and to develop a plan to manage watershed level resources. Chapter 3 compares pros and cons of the state-of-the-art watershed models used for managing water resources. Numerical simulations can be performed to compare the current and future water quality scenarios of a given watershed and to estimate the impact of potential water resource management strategies. Chapter 4 presents a case study of an urban region in Hanoi, Vietnam. Water evaluation and planning simulation tool was used to predict the trends and drivers of wastewater generation. Considering rapidly changing climate and associated weather impacts, it is critical to secure water resources in addition to dealing with the water quality issues. Chapter 5 suggests that climate change models and watershed and precipitation models should be jointly used in order to capture uncertainties in ecological functions, energy and food production and water supply sources. Chapter 6 presents a water use estimation and management tool that examines the effect of climate change and drought conditions on water supplies to ensure adequate buffalo forage. Sustaining both buffalo forage and water supplies during drought conditions requires preparedness and adaptation in response to unfavorable conditions. Finally, water reuse can alleviate the stress on available water resources. For example, effluents from wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants can be treated and reused for managing water crisis. Chapter 7 emphasizes that it is critical to optimize both economical and sustainability parameters during treatment of wastewater effluents and desalination concentrate. In certain cases, valuable metals can be recovered from the concentrate.

Allicin is the major active sulfur-containing moiety that is released when garlic cloves are crushed or damaged. Since its first recorded use in ancient times to ward off snakebites and by the physician Hippocrates to treat pneumonia and heal wounds, allicin has come a long way and its attributes now include antimicrobial and anti-insecticidal activities. Given the rapid appearance of resistant microbes and insects, allicin clearly has merit in these spheres, even more so as resistance does not appear following its usage. More recently allicin has been successfully used as a complementary treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases, which include type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even certain tumors. Having a "natural" medicine, which is associated with an absence of side effects, can only be beneficial in conditions requiring long-term usage and it is clear that allicin''s potential as an individual or adjunct medicine needs to be evaluated. The gold standard for phase III human studies are double blind randomized placebo controlled trials and allicin''s success in this area is just beginning to be realized. Allicin has great potential, and maximizing its bioavailability could be enhanced using computational chemistry methodology combined with the stabilization methods already used for other phytomedicines, such as curcumin. Given the attention it deserves, it is likely that allicin will provide much needed alternative management strategies for decreasing infection and disease over the next decade.

This book is designed to serve as a companion to the available textbooks in oral pathology and oral medicine and is meant to serve as a revision tool for dental students and graduates preparing for examinations. The book is structured to complement student lecture notes, recommended textbooks and past exam papers. Globally, the current trend is to use a combination of multiple-choice questions (MCQs), short answer questions (SAQs), extended matching questions (EMQs) and objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) stations in the examination process. Available textbooks in oral pathology and oral medicine are not of much value to students preparing for exams using these assessment formats. The aim of this book therefore is to offer students with a single source that would assist them to prepare for exams. Target audience for this book includes dental students, oral health therapy and dental hygiene students, overseas-trained dental graduates preparing for board or licensing examinations and those preparing for membership or fellowship examinations of the Royal Surgical Colleges.

The book presents extensive case reports covering various clinical dentistry disciplines. In Oral Medicine, cases of various oral lesions and their risk factors were reported, as well as the precautions of radiotherapy for oral condition. In Oral Surgery, various surgical techniques were discussed related to orbital cavity reconstruction, mandibular defect reconstruction, arthoplasty, management of tumors in maxillofacial region, management of Schneiderian membrane perforation and lateral sinus lifting procedures in severe bone loss case. The use of CBCT on implant planning and identification of ameloblastoma tumor margin were reported. In Prosthodontics, treatment of removable partial denture and orbital defect reconstruction were discussed. In Conservative Dentistry, endodontics treatment and retreatment in rare cases were discussed, including management of fracture instruments and iatrogenic pulp exposure and replantation of avulsed teeth. In Pediatric Dentistry, various techniques related to intrusive luxation, treatment of lip sucking and approach for children in special need toward dental anxiety were addressed. In Orthodontics, a case of management malocclusion of a difficult case was reported. In Forensic Dentistry, the importance of forensic odontology in burnt victim age estimation and post mortem reconstruction methods were reported. In Periodontology, cases of trauma from occlusion and the aesthetic of crown lengthening were reported. This large collection of case reports, discussing various treatments of clinical problems, identification of oral diseases that are frequently encountered in daily practice will surely give valuable information for general practitioners and dental specialists in order to achieve the highest standard in clinical dentistry.

Virtually all cervical cancer cases are caused by human papilloma viruses (HPV), mainly HPV-16 and HPV-18. Furthermore, HPVs may cause other types of cancer, such as squamous anal cancers and vulvar cancer. In men, HPVs are associated with genital lesions, anal cancer, penile cancer, and head and neck cancers. As such, this compilation focuses on recent findings in HPV epidemiology, prevention, and updates regarding prophylatic HPV vaccines. Bioinformatics tool are important in the analysis of molecular and biological data, which could provide novel insights on the development of treatment and prevention methods for disease control. Through bioinformatics, it is possible to analyze and simulate HPV molecular data through the use of universal databases and analysis tools, in order to better understand the virus genetics and infection cycle. In conclusion, Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs): Detection, Infection and Protection appraises HPV vaccines for the prophylaxis of HPV infection in healthy individuals. Vaccines used for earlier varieties are Gardasil (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, U.S.A.) and Cervarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, U.K.).

This book provides a comprehensive guide to a range of food processing methods that are relevant to food scientists who are beginning to specialize in the area of food processing. It has been written in collaboration with researchers and professors from different countries who are experts in the field of food processing. The book covers area such as; high pro-cookies processing, application of pulsed electric field in liquid food processing, foam mat drying of pineapple juice, engineering aspects of confectionery coating in baked products, food emulsion, minimally processing of potato and yam slices, a guide to differently processed Asian rice products, tumbling and massaging as a tool in reformed meat processing and finally a chapter dealing with food processing contaminants and their mitigation strategies was included.

The importance of the Arctic in many fields of human activity strongly increased over the past decades. The academic scientific research demonstrates a 3-fold increase in the number of journal articles dealing with "Arctic": from 1,400 in 2000 to 4,200 in 2018. This increase is not fortuitous but certainly stems from double importance of Arctic regions for humanity. The first importance is the role that the Arctic plays in the on-going environmental changes, mostly linked to climate warming and environmental pollution. Here, the first key issues are the Arctic Ocean, ice melt, permafrost thaw, greenhouse gases emission, and organic carbon mobilization from soils to rivers. From the other hand, highly fragile Arctic ecosystems and biota are strongly affected by environmental pollution, be it organic compounds or toxic metals and radionuclides. The rising concern of humanity to the key role of the Arctic in climate regulation on the planetary scale and the extreme fragility of its ecosystem, biota and native population to on-going environmental change can certainly explain an explosive interest of scientific researchers to the Arctic in connection with ''climate change''. The second big issue of the Arctic is its eminent role in problems of natural resources. The Artic shelf contains vast amount of hydrocarbons (gas and oil), whereas the terrestrial polar regions, now liberating from ice, may turn out to be highly important sites of future ore industry. The importance of possibly ice-free Arctic Ocean as future maritime shipping routes will further enhance the accessibility of natural resources in this region. Taken together, this can be the main driving factors of almost exponential increase in the interest to natural resources in the Arctic over past few years. The present book addresses a wide variety of environmental, social and economic issues of the Arctic, in response to rising interest to this region in academic science, sociology and business. The 14 chapters represent state-of-the art reviews written by the experts on problems of native communities, climate change, political issues, implementation of large-scale projects, natural resources and conservation, environmental monitoring and assessment of pollution issues.

Current Challenges and Management of Disease in the Elderly Population is a comprehensive insight into the diseases and their management in elderly population during ageing. The book provides information on the development in understanding, diagnosis and management of major diseases through biological and technological interventions. Non-communicable diseases currently infesting old age population will have a huge epidemiological burden on the health care system in near future. Middle- and high-income countries warrant sincere efforts to provide information on the current challenges and management of disease in elderly population in health care professionals and social organizations related to the health of society. The book is a holistic approach by international authors from different fields on major diseases, which are predominantly increasing at an alarming rate in old age population around the globe. The first chapter provides information on stem cells involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis by process of DNA-based methylation/demethylation and regulating gene expression involved in cell fate to undergo apoptosis. The second chapter emphasizes the immunological decline in innate and adaptive immunity in ageing cells, which leads to decreased activity of T-cell and T-regulatory cells. The third, fourth and fifth chapters deal with chronic diseases like Type 2 Diabetes mellitus based neuropathy, different bone diseases in old age and involvement of Vitamin D in women''s bone health in elderly population. The problem of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus based neuropathy is the result of unattended or poor medical interventions, therefore emphasis on this problem and its prevention is dealt with in detail. Further disease like osteoporosis, Paget disease, and Arthritis, which are very common in old age population and deficiency of Vitamin D, calcium, phosphorous in elderly women after menopause, where estrogen based hormonal deabsorbtion of Vitamin D lead to poor bone health, is detailed from mechanism, diagnosis, current challenges and future perspective of preventions. Ageing eye problems and associated challenges are incorporated with in depth information on dry eyes and vitreous detachment, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, which leads to irreversible visual impairment or blindness, the details information on detection, treatment and prevention are discussed in Chapter 6. The task of detecting specific diseases is paramount for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Chapter 7 & 8 on biomarkers using omics technology and metalobomics provides complete information on the recent development in identification and analysis of metabolites and biomolecules using different technology platforms to detect the disease condition at an early stage. They also highlight challenges in the field that need to be addressed to overcome the problem of disease diagnosis for timely intervention. The majority of neurodegenerative disorders influencing the population above the age of 65 is mainly related to neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. Tthe last two chapters, 9 &10, of this book have tried to provide information related to mechanism of neurodegeneration in various neuronal disorders and the role of various plant flavanoids in prevention of disease onset, the effect on the choice of nutraceuticals and their role in brain heath and prevention from old age neuronal problems.

Many events in our daily lives require that we allocate attentional resources towards relevant information in the environment. However, we are constantly presented with more information than we can possibly attend to at any given moment. Visual spatial attention is the prioritisation of visual processing to a particular spatial region in ones environment, and is therefore an important component of attention (more broadly construed) and information-processing. Once a region of space has been selected by visual spatial attention, the objects and features within that region can be processed. In this book, Chapter One examines visual spatial attention and its functional role in a variety of cognitive tasks. Chapter Two reviews the different ways in which the various mechanisms of selective attention have been cortically and otherwise classified into low and high levels of processing and to disentangle some of the confusion that may have arisen as a result of inconsistent usage of terminology and concepts in the field. The last chapter discusses studies which use computer simulations to estimate the effect of noise correlation upon the performance benefit gained from cues.

This is a source of information for researchers and experts mainly, as well as any party interested of gaining knowledge in this field. The volume brings a new and updated perspective on the current innovations in the energy field regarding technological and strategic approaches. The book is a result of the Second Open Meeting of the Balkan UNESCO Chairs 2017, organised by the UNESCO Chair for Business Administration (Chaire UNESCO pour la formation et la recherche appliquée au développement de l''entreprise dans les pays en conversion économique) within the Faculty of Business Administration, the Bucharest University of Economic Studies and Romania in partnership with the Romanian National Commission for UNESCO (CNR UNESCO). This event brought together the Balkan UNESCO Chairs on the topic of topic of "Education for Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability in the Knowledge Economy" on the 26-27th October 2017 at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies. The book comprises the research of experts and scholars in the field of energy and business from various countries, especially from Europe. The research areas covered by the chapters include topics referring to: the developments of the innovative process in the electrical energy field in Romania, initiatives for promoting new investments in the energy sector, new sources of energy for diminishing hazardous waste, infrastructure protection as a security factor, promoting electricity from renewable energy sources, floating wind turbines, multipurpose hydropower projects under climate change, innovations in landscape of nuclear power, innovations in energy trading, energy policy, patents and its application process in the energy field. This book seeks to bridge an important research gap by questioning and studying the progress of different types of innovations in the energy field and their impact on developing and advanced economies globally. It aims to explore and present trends, dynamics and implications of the innovations and progress in energy technologies and sustainable business, economic and political strategies and the most recent developments in the green energy field. Furthermore, it explores opportunities and threats in the way of innovative challenges in these economies through a wealth of insights by researchers in the field with the objective of emphasizing possible strategies to global sustainability.

The book titled "Progress and Prospects in Nanoscience Today" is an extensive collection of learned materials and new results focusing on advances in nanoscience and nanomaterials for their applications by the contributing authors who are experts working in the fields of nanoscience, material science, energy, agricultural, computer science and engineering, atmospheric nanoscience, medicine, and nanobiotechnology. The book begins with a chapter on "Science of Nanomaterials". The formulation of this chapter serves as a foundation and is done in such a fashion that readers from a variety of disciplines with different background and willing to start research in interdisciplinary branch of science and make a career in nanotechnology. The second chapter presents basic concepts and methods of nanoscience, which are needed for human welfare. The first part addresses the function of imaging by scanning probe microscopy. This tool is operating with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution which promotes new views into structures and processes from the molecular to the sub-atomic level. They contribute to fabricate new nano-sized systems and to open up new fields of application that range from novel quantum materials to biosystems and living matter. The third chapter reports the synthesis and physiochemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles. The next thirteen chapters report different properties of nanomaterials for their number of applications. These include: polymer composites in aerospace applications, photoluminescence properties, atmospheric nanoscience, agriculture, supercapacitors, hyperthermia therapy, wound dressing, antimicrobial applications, anti-biofilm-applications, tuberculosis diagnosis etc. The book will be a precious piece and basic knowledge material for those looking for new opportunities in the field of progress and prospects of nanoscience for technology development in different walks of industries. Each chapter is an icon of frontier level high quality research that has been undertaken in synthesis, characterization and application of variety of nanomaterials.