Books published by Springer Nature Singapore

The Analogy between Logic and Dialogic of Law.- Analogy as Legal Reasoning - The Hermeneutic Foundation of the Analogical Procedure.- Milking the Meter - On Analogy, Universalizability and World Views.- The Function of Analogy in Law: Return to Kant and Wittgenstein.- Analogy in Legal Science: Some Comparative Observations.- Legal Analogy between Interpretive Arguments and Productive Arguments.- Legal Knowledge and Meaning (The Example of Legal Analogy).- Analogical Reasoning and Legal Institutions.- Analogy in the Law.

1. The controlled clinical trial - a model for the intricate relationships between clinical medicine and drug research.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. The evolution of the controlled clinical trial (CCT).- 1.3 The implementation of the controlled clinical trial in drug research.- 1.4. Criticism of the classical view of the controlled clinical trial.- 1.5. Conclusions.- 2. The architecture of drug discovery.- 2.1. Introduction.- 1. The discovery process.- 2.2. Current views of drug discovery.- 2.2.1. Basic concepts in drug discovery.- 2.2.2. Basic epistemologies in drug discovery.- 2.3. Scientific discovery from the viewpoint of cognitive science.- 2.4. The drug discovery process revisited.- 2. The representation of knowledge about drugs and diseases.- 2.5. An epistemological analysis of the concept of drug and disease profiles.- 2.5.1. Introduction.- 2.5.2. The concept of drug profile.- 2.5.2.1..The classification of drugs.- 2.5.2.2. Incursion of drug profiles into disease profiles.- 2.5.2.3. The nature of drug characteristics.- 2.5.3. The concept of disease profile.- 2.5.3.1. Disease profiles as pigeon holes of medical knowledge.- 2.5.3.2. The fundamental basis of taxonomy in medicine.- 2.5.3.3. Convergent and divergent forces in clinical taxonomy.- 2.5.3.4. The translation of everyday medical language into the structure of profiles.- 2.5.4. Conclusions.- 3. A set-theoretical model of drug discovery.- 2.6. A definition of the concept of profile in terms of set theory.- 2.6.1. Introduction.- 2.6.2. The first aspect of a profile: membership.- 2.6.3. The second aspect of the concept of profile: values of the disease characteristics.- 2.6.4. The third aspect of the concept of profile: ranking order of characteristics.- 2.6.5. Conclusions.- 2.7. The drug discovery process - a set-theoretical model.- 2.7.1. Introduction.- 2.7.2. A naive definition.- 2.7.3. First adjustment of the naive defenition: structural and functional characteristics of drugs.- 2.7.4. Second adjustment of the naive defenition: disease characteristics.- 2.7.5. The improvement of toxic effects of drugs: positive and negative aspects and their judgment.- 2.7.6. Conclusions.- 3.Experimental and therapeutic profiling in drug innovation: the early history of the beta blockers.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Historical overview of the development of the beta blockers.- 3.3. From Dale to Ahlquist: a new methodology in pharmacology.- 3.4. Change in the concepts of agonist and antagonist.- 3.5. Experimental and therapeutic profiling in drug innovation.- 3.5.1. Cardiac arrhythmias.- 3.5.2. Angina pectoris.- 3.6. Conclusions.- 4. Industrial research and beta blockade.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Beta blocker research at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).- 4.2.1. The early phase.- 4.2.2. The birth of pronethalol.- 4.2.3. The demise of pronethalol.- 4.2.4. The development of propranolol.- 4.2.4.1. A "clean" drug.- 4.2.4.2. The rapid expansion of a successful drug.- 4.2.4.3. Endangered drug.- 4.2.5. The development of practolol.- 4.2.5.1. Practolol: a tool in industrial research.- 4.2.5.2. Selectivity in industrial and academic research.- 4.2.5.3. The therapeutic interest.- 4.3. The beta blocker project of Eli Lilly & Co..- 4.4. The beta blocker project of Mead Johnson.- 4.5. The beta blocker project of AB Hässle.- 4.5.1. The early phase.- 4.5.2. Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of alprenolol.- 4.5.3. The profiling of alprenolol.- 4.5.4. Selective beta blockade.- 4.6. The beta blocker project at CIBA.- 4.7. Conclusions.- 5. Verapamil: dying drug or sleeping beauty?.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 The early history of verapamil.- 5.3 Verapamil: a coronary vasodilator?.- 5.4 Verapamil: a beta blocker?.- 5.5. Verapamil: a calcium antagonist! - The elucidation of verapamil's mechanism of action by Fleckenstein.- 5.6. Citation analysis of the concept of calcium antagonism elaborated by Fleckenstein.- 5.7. The application of the theory of drug and disease profiles.- 5.7.1. Changing views on the

The Advancing Frontier in the Knowledge of the Structure of Interphases.- Some Recent Spectroscopic Approaches to the Solid-Solution Interface.- Application to Electrocatalysis of EMIRS (Electrochemically Modulated Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) and Related Techniques.- Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and the In-Situ Characterization of the Electrochemical Interface.- Raman Spectroscopic Techniques in Interfacial Electrochemistry.- Laser Raman Spectroscopy in Studies of Corrosion and Electrocatalysis.- UV-Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy in Electrochemistry.- Study of Anodic Oxides by UV-Visible Potential-Modulated Reflectance Spectroscopy.- Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Surface Studies.- X-Ray Diffraction at the Electrode-Solution Interface.- X-Ray Reflectivity and Surface Roughness.- Surface Structural Investigations by Electron Diffraction Techniques.- Auger Electron Spectroscopy and the Electrochemical Interface.- Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) of Electrode Surfaces.- Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy of Electrode Surfaces.- Electrochemical Applications of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.

One: Coronary angioplasty.- 1. Medical interventions for regression of coronary atherosclerosis.- 2. Digital coronary angiography.- 3. Balloon angioplasty for stable and unstable angina.- 4. Radiofrequency coronary angioplasty.- 5. Laser angioplasty - technical aspects.- 6. Excimer laser coronary angioplasty: preliminary clinical experience.- 7. Result of a pilot study on percutaneous coronary excimer laser ablation in patients with coronary artery disease.- 8. Excimer-laser coronary angioplasty: clinical experience with high-grade stenosis and recanalization of chronic occlusions.- 9. High speed arteriosclerotic lesion ablation for treatment of coronary artery disease.- 10. A new balloon-expandable coronary tantalum stent in atherosclerotic minipigs: angiographic and histologic findings 4 weeks after implantation.- 11. Autoperfusion catheter for preservation of myocardium during coronary artery obstruction after failed PTCA.- Two: Peripheral vessel angioplasty.- 12. Balloon angioplasty.- 13. Symptomatic occlusion of the subclavian artery: treatment by balloon angioplasty.- 14. Rotational atherectomy: current use in vascular disease with specific focus on the Simpson device.- 15. Increased growth rates of percutaneously and surgically extracted plaque cells from human restenosing tissue in vitro.- 16. Effect of propranolol on growth of cultured human smooth muscle cells derived from non-atherosclerotic and atherosclerotic vascular tissue.- 17. Excimer laser angioplasty: efficiency and damage.- 18. Current problems of excimer laser angioplasty.- 19. Laser angioplasty.- 20. Preliminary experience with the implantation of Strecker-stents in peripheral arteries.- 21. Angioplasty of peripheral vessels: surgical aspects.- Three: Balloon valvuloplasty.- 22. Balloon pulmonary valvoplasty.- 23. Mitral valvuloplasty.- 24. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty.- 25. Surgical aspects of balloon valvuloplasty (BVP).- Four: Catheter ablation of tachycardias.- 26. DC-ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.- 27. Localization and catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways.- 28. Radiofrequency ablation of supraventricular and atrioventricular tachyarrhythmias.- 29. The role of the surgeon in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias.- 30. Catheter mapping of ventricular tachycardia.- 31. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia by direct current.- 32. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia using radiofrequency current.- 33. Catheter ablation for arrhythmias using lasers.- 34. Chemical ablation in the pig heart by subendocardial injection of ethanol via catheter.- 35. Long-term results of antitachycardia electrotherapy in ventricular tachyarrhythmia.- 36. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: patient selection, devices and results.- 37. Surgical ablation of ventricular tachycardias.

1. Magnetic resonance imaging: A new approach for evaluating coronary artery disease?.- 2. Coronary circulation.- 3. Magnetic resonance imaging and quantitation of blood flow.- 4. Imaging strategy in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.- 5. MRI determination of cardiac dimensions.- 6. Visualization of the coronary arteries.- 7. Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial ischemia and infarction in experimental animal models.- 8. Magnetic resonance imaging in acute myocardial infarction.- 9. Assesment of myocardial infarction by magnetic resonance imaging with the aid of contrast agents.- 10. MRI: Evaluation of ventricular function in coronary artery disease.- 11. Stress magnetic resonance imaging in coronary artery disease.- 12. Visualization of coronary artery bypasses with MRI.- 13. Recent advances of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in myocardial ischemia.

Mutual Conformational Adaptation of Both Ligand and Receptor in Antitumor Drug-DNA Complexes.- DNA Drug Interactions studied with Polarized Light Spectroscopy: the DAPI Case.- Drug-DNA Recognition: Sequence Specificity of the DNA Minor Groove Binder Berenil.- Binding of Minor Groove Ligands to Short DNA Segments: Berenil Complexed with d(GCAATTGC)2 and d(GCTTAAGC)2.- The Sequence Specificity of Damage Caused by [125I]-Labelled Hoechst 33258 and UV/IodoHoechst 33258 in Intact Cells and in Cloned Sequences of Purified DNA which differ by a Small Number of Base Substitutions.- Structure and Dynamics of a [1:1] Drug-DNA Complex: Analysis of 2D NMR Data Using Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics Calculations.- Determination of Distamycin-A Binding Modes by NMR.- Molecular Mechanisms of DNA Sequence Recognition by Groove Binding Ligands: Biochemical and Biological Consequences.- Daunomycin Binding to DNA: from the Macroscopic to the Microscopic.- In Vitro Transcription Analysis of the Sequence Specificity of Reversible and Irreversible Complexes of Adriamycin with DNA.- Quantitative Footprinting Analysis of the Actiomycin D-DNA Interaction.- Structural Requirements for DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibition by Anthracyclines.- Thermodynamic Studies of Amsacrine Antitumor Agents with Nucleic Acids.- Kinetic and Equilibrium Binding Studies of a Series of Intercalating Agents that Bind by Threading a Sidechain Through the DNA Helix.- Aminoacyl-Anthraquinones: DNA-Binding and Sequence Specificity.- The Molecular Basis of Specific Recognition Between Echinomycin and DNA.- Bis-Pyrrolecarboxamides Linked to Intercalating Chromophore Oxazolopyridocarbazole (OPC): Properties Related to the Selective Binding to DNA at Rich Sequences.- Parallel-Stranded Nucleic Acids and their Interaction with Intercalating and Groove Binding Drugs.- Design of Bifunctional Nucleic Acid Ligands.- Sequence-Specific Recognition and CLeavage of Duplex DNA by Derivatized Oligonucleotides.- Bis(Platinum) Complexes. Chemistry, Antitumor Activity and DNA-Binding.- Interaction of Calicheamicin with DNA.- The Effects of Ligand Structure on Binding Mode and Specificity in the Interaction of Unfused Aromatic Cations with DNA.- Modulation of Protein-DNA Interactions by Intercalating and Nonintercalating Agents.- Antitumor Antibiotics Endowed with DNA Sequence Specificity.- Cationic Porphyrin-DNA Complexes: Specificity of Binding Modes.- Complementary Studies on Sequence Specificity in DNA-Antitumor Drugs Interactions.- Uranyl Photofootpring. DNA Structural Changes upon Binding of Mithramycin.- Characteristics of Noncovalent and Covalent Interactions of (+) and (-) Anti-Benzo[a]pyrene Diol Epoxide Stereoisomers of Different Biological Activities with DNA.- Aflatoxin-DNA Binding and the Characterization of Aflatoxin B1-Oligodeoxynucleotide Adducts by 1H NMR Spectroscopy.- Sequence Specific Isotope Effects on the Cleavage of DNA by Radical-Generating Drugs.- Quinolone-DNA Interaction: How a Small Drug Molecule Acquires High DNA Binding Affinity and Specificity.- Mechanisms of DNA Sequence Selective Modifications by Alkylating Agents.- Contrasting Mechanisms for the Sequence Recognition of DNA by(+)- and (-)-CC-1065.- Course of Recognition and Covalent Reactions Between Mitomycin C and DNA: Sequence Selectivity of a Cross-Linking Drug.- Triplex Forming Oligonucleotide Reagents: Rationalization of DNA Site Selectivity and Application in a Pharmaceutical Context.- Experimental Proofs of a Drug's DNA Specificity.

One: Basic approaches.- 1. Introduction to basic concepts on methods and techniques for Databases.- 2. Observational databases: a clinical perspective.- Two: Tools and services.- 1. Advanced instruments and methods for the development of databases applied to cardiology.- 2. A query language for medical statistical analysis.- 3. Enhancing relational database management systems by applying artificial intelligence techniques.- 4. Electronic information in cardiology: review of external databases and services.- 5. Computer-aided clinical problem solving as an educational paradigm for teaching preclinical cardiac pathophysiology.- 6. Continuing education of physicians and nurses in the DBMS area.- Three: Subject-oriented databases.- 1. The ARTEMIS data and knowledge base for hypertension.- 2. Databases for prevention, pacemaker and postoperative treatment: the charité experience in cardiology.- 3. Development of and experience with the coronary angiography and PTCA information systems at Leuven University.- 4. A database for the follow-up of heart transplant patients.- 5. The K.U. Leuven Coronary Surgery Data Base: a clinical research data base.- 6. Clinical results with computer support of the decisions (in the cardiosurgical intensive care unit).- 7. A pediatric cardiology diagnostic coding system and database.- 8. Databases and decision system for diagnosis of congenital heart disease.- 9. Practical PC-based data management in paediatric cardiology.- Four: Departmental applications.- 1. Patient documentation for the ultrasound laboratory.- 2. A research-oriented database management system for Holter data.- 3. A database management system of coronary care unit data.- 4. Information management for decision making by critical care physicians and nurses.- 5. Practical data management in the Cardiology Department of a City Hospital.- 6. A PC-based implementation of a multi-service software for cardiology.- 7. An out-patient clinical data base management system.- 8. Databases for network systems.- 9. CADANS: the nervous system for cardiology.- Inde.

1. From hemodynamic principles to clinical management.- 2. The clinical use and accuracy of echo-Doppler techniques for assessing severity of disease in valvular stenotic lesions.- 3. Proper timing of valve replacement in aortic stenosis.- 4. Optimal timing of surgery for volume overload hypertrophy in mitral and aortic regurgitation.- 5. Acute effects of myocardial ischemia on left ventricular function: How to differentiate myocardial infarction, stunned myocardium, and hibernating myocardium.- 6. Effects of coronary reperfusion on left ventricular function and survival: Some remaining problems.- 7. Effects of revascularization on left ventricular function in the stunned and hibernating myocardium.- 8. Heart failure: Newer concepts and origin of symptoms.- 9. Guidelines for the evaluation of treatment in congestive heart failure.- 10. Management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.- 11. Antiarrhytmic therapy in heart failure.- 12. Non-invasive evaluation of cardiomyopathies.- 13. Can ultrasound reliably predict acute rejection in heart transplant recipients?.- 14. Cardiac transplantation.

1 Authentication of orange juice.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Incidence of adulteration.- 1.1.2 The market for frozen concentrated orange juice.- 1.1.3 Factors affecting adulteration.- 1.1.4 Combating fake juice.- 1.2 Analysis.- 1.2.1 Minerals.- 1.2.2 Organic acids.- 1.2.3 Sugars.- 1.2.4 Isotopic methods.- 1.2.5 Photometric methods.- 1.2.6 Amino acids.- 1.2.7 Methods of limited application.- 1.2.8 Future possibilities.- 1.3 Statistics.- 1.3.1 Introduction and the Gaussian distribution.- 1.3.2 Some problems of statistical interpretation.- 1.3.3 Ratios as variates.- 1.3.4 Multivariate techniques.- 1.3.5 Pattern recognition analysis.- 1.4 Recent developments in orange juice adulteration.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 The SNIF-NMR method.- 1.4.3 Multi-isotopic fingerprint of fruit juices.- 1.4.4 Further applications of the SNIF-NMR method.- 1.4.5 The implications for orange juice authentication under the UK Food Safety Act 1990.- References.- 2 Chemistry and technology of citrus juices and by-products.- 2.1 Principal citrus cultivars.- 2.1.1 Origin of citrus.- 2.1.2 Commercial citrus regions.- 2.1.3 Citrus growing areas.- 2.1.4 Effect of frost.- 2.1.5 Effect of soil.- 2.2 Composition and structure of citrus fruits and juices of various cultivars.- 2.2.1 General relationship.- 2.2.2 Organic acids.- 2.2.3 Carbohydrates.- 2.2.4 Color pigments.- 2.2.5 Vitamins and inorganic constituents.- 2.2.6 Flavonoids.- 2.2.7 Lipids.- 2.3 Operational procedures and effects on quality and shelf life of citrus juices.- 2.3.1 Outline of good manufacturing and processing procedures.- 2.4 Citrus juice flavor enhancement with natural citrus volatiles.- 2.4.1 Components of citrus juice flavor.- 2.4.2 Citrus flavor enhancement technology.- 2.4.3 Citrus oils and aroma and their recovery.- 2.5 Pectic substances and relationship of citrus enzymes to juice quality.- 2.6 Effect of time, temperature and other factors on citrus products.- References.- 3 Grape juice processing.- 3.1 History of grape juice processing in North America.- 3.2 Grape cultivars.- 3.3 The chemistry of grape juice.- 3.3.1 Carbohydrates.- 3.3.2 Acids.- 3.3.3 Mineral content.- 3.3.4 Phenolics.- 3.3.5 Volatiles.- 3.4 Modern grape juice processing.- 3.4.1 Harvesting/ripening.- 3.4.2 Stemmer/crusher operation.- 3.4.3 Hot-break process.- 3.4.4 De-juicing/pressing operation.- 3.4.5 Coarse filtration.- 3.4.6 Bulk storage and tartrate precipitation.- 3.4.7 Enzyme clarification.- 3.4.8 Polish (fine) filtration.- 3.4.9 Hot fill.- 3.5 Process alternatives.- 3.5.1 Cold-pressing.- 3.5.2 Aseptic process.- 3.5.3 Concentration.- 3.5.4 Sulfur dioxide preservative.- References.- 4 Tropical fruit juices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Guava.- 4.3 Mango.- 4.4 Passionfruit.- 4.5 Pineapple.- 4.6 Other tropical fruits.- 4.6.1 Acerola.- 4.6.2 Banana.- 4.6.3 Kiwifruit.- 4.6.4 Lulo.- 4.6.5 Papaya.- 4.6.6 Soursop.- 4.6.7 Umbu.- 4.7 Tropical fruit juices in Europe today.- 4.8 The future.- Further reading.- 5 Growing and marketing soft fruit for juices and beverages.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Selling the fruit crop: the options.- 5.2.1 The market place.- 5.2.2 Minimum import prices.- 5.2.3 The long term contract.- 5.3 Producing the soft fruit crop.- 5.4 Blackcurrants.- 5.4.1 General.- 5.4.2 Siting.- 5.4.3 Manuring.- 5.4.4 Varieties.- 5.4.5 Propagation.- 5.4.6 Planting.- 5.4.7 Weed control.- 5.4.8 Frost protection.- 5.4.9 Harvesting/handling.- 5.4.10 Control of fruit quality at harvesting.- 5.4.11 Plantation life.- 5.5 Control of fruit pests and diseases.- 5.5.1 'Organic' production of fruit.- 5.5.2 Selection of pesticides for crop protection.- 5.6 Pests and diseases of blackcurrants.- 5.6.1 Viruses.- 5.6.2 Arthropods.- 5.6.3 Fungi.- 5.7 Other soft fruits.- 5.7.1 Strawberries.- 5.7.2 Raspberries.- 5.7.3 Gooseberries.- 5.7.4 Red currants.- 5.7.5 Blackberries.- 5.8 Storing fruit for processing.- 5.9 The future-blackcurrant research and development (R & D).- 6 Apple juice.- 6.1 General background.- 6.1.1 Juice extraction.- 6.1.2 Po...

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Objects and object-oriented software.- 1.2 Objective and target audience of the book.- 1.3 Organization of the book.- 1.4 Conclusion.- References.- One Conceptual Background.- 2 Object-oriented software systems: Concepts.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Key concepts.- 2.3 Object communication.- 2.4 Comparison with structured analysis and design.- 2.5 Software life cycle benefits.- 2.6 Prototyping and software evolution.- 2.7 Software reuse.- 2.8 Potential limitations.- 2.9 Conclusion.- References.- 3 Object-oriented software: Relevance to manufacturing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Software development aspects of CIM.- 3.3 Communication issues.- 3.4 Integration problems.- 3.5 Conclusion.- References.- Summary: Part One.- Two Design and Implementation Techniques.- 4 Towards an object-oriented architecture for CIM systems.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 A conceptual framework.- 4.3 Description of the modules.- 4.4 Communication between modules (and the plant).- 4.5 Special concerns.- 4.6 Implementation perspective.- 4.7 Working with existing applications and future extensions.- 4.8 Related work of interest.- 4.9 Limitations.- 4.10 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Prototyping object systems and reusable object libraries.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Review of existing design methods.- 5.3 Rationale for our approach.- 5.4 Our design approach.- 5.5 An example manufacturing facility.- 5.6 Object-oriented library for modeling the facility.- 5.7 State transition diagrams.- 5.8 Conclusion.- References.- 6 Object-oriented databases.- 6.1 Needs of the engineering/manufacturing domains.- 6.2 Towards an object model for database management.- 6.3 Object identity.- 6.4 Schema evolution.- 6.5 Versioning.- 6.6 Storage.- 6.7 Querying.- 6.8 Commercial OODMBS.- 6.9 Conclusion.- References.- 7 Comparing object-oriented programming languages.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Smalltalk.- 7.3 Object-oriented extensions to Lisp.- 7.4 Object-oriented extensions to C.- 7.5 C++.- 7.6 Objective-C.- 7.7 Comparing Objective-C and C++.- 7.8 Other object-oriented programming languages.- 7.9 Summary and conclusion.- References.- Summary: Part Two.- Three Manufacturing Applications.- 8 FlowStream: An object-oriented plant-floor management system.- 8.1 FlowStream as a plant-floor management system.- 8.2 Rationale for object-oriented development.- 8.3 The FlowStream object architecture.- 8.4 Assessing the object-oriented approach.- 8.5 Summary.- Reference.- 9 OOPS in real-time control applications.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The kitting cell.- 9.3 The glass line.- 9.4 Conclusion.- References.- Summary: Part Three.- Four Management and Organizational Issues.- 10 Management issues in adopting object-oriented technology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Object-oriented software development.- 10.3 Managing reusability.- 10.4 Resourcing and staffing.- 10.5 Supplier management.- 10.6 Planning and budgeting.- 10.7 Conclusion.- References.- 11 Concluding remarks.- 11.1 Where is the OO industry headed?.- 11.2 Growth in the manufacturing area.- 11.3 Final words.- References.- Appendix A: OO resources Paul Worhach.

One: Philosophy and strategy.- 1. Quality in manufacturing.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Quality control and the manufacturing system.- 1.3 Quality assurance.- 1.4 Total quality management.- 1.5 Zero defects.- 1.6 Ideas of quality automation.- 1.7 The influence of quality system standards.- 1.8 Quality automation in practice.- 1.9 Summary.- 2 Why automate?.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Just-in-time and quality systems.- 2.3 Data volume.- 2.4 Human factors.- 2.5 The benefits of quality systems automation.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 The integrated quality system in computerintegrated manufacture.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Quality in CIM.- 3.3 Vertical integration KAP ARCHIEF.- 3.4 Functional integration.- 3.5 Process integration.- 3.6 Summary.- 4. Assessment of quality performance in manufacturing.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Defect levels in manufacturing.- 4.3 Value loss functions.- 4.4 Indirect measures of performance.- 4.5 Quality cost.- 4.6 An alternative approach.- 4.7 Conclusion.- Two: Quality systems - design and innovation.- 5. Systems in quality.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Quality systems.- 5.3 Rational systems - the hard systems approach.- 5.4 The soft systems approach.- 5.5 Computer systems analysis and software development.- 5.6 A suitable systems approach for quality.- 5.7 Summary.- 6. Innovation in quality systems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The management of innovation.- 6.3 Promoting successful innovation.- 6.4 Planned evolution.- 6.5 Systems strategy.- 6.6 User involvement.- 6.7 Prototyping.- 6.8 Summary.- 7. Quality systems design and improvement.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Current methods.- 7.3 Systems design.- 7.4 The IDEFO structured modelling technique.- 7.5 The practical application of IDEFO.- 7.6 A case study of quality systems design.- 7.7 Information modelling.- 7.8 Conclusions - IDEFO as a quality systems design tool.- 8. Strategy for quality systems automation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The objectives of automation.- 8.3 The integrated quality system.- 8.4 Quality data collection strategy.- 8.5 Summary.- Three: Automatic quality data collection and inspection technology.- 9. Automatic in-process quality control.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Controlling the manufacturing process.- 9.3 In-process quality control or product inspection?.- 9.4 Examples of automatic in-process quality control.- 9.5 A case study of assembly process monitoring.- 9.6 Integration with the IQS.- 9.7 Conclusions.- 10. Coordinate measuring machines.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 CMM construction.- 10.3 Touch trigger probes.- 10.4 CMM use and programming.- 10.5 CMM uncertainty and errors.- 10.6 Performance testing of CMMs.- 10.7 Training.- 10.8 Integration with the IQS.- 10.9 Conclusions.- 11. Machine vision.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Providing the image - the camera and lighting.- 11.3 Image acquisition.- 11.4 Image processing and analysis.- 11.5 Machine vision applications.- 11.6 Integration with the IQS.- 11.7 Ultrasonic techniques.- 11.8 Conclusions.- 12. Automatic testing in the electronics industry.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Automatic component testing.- 12.3 In-circuit PCB testing.- 12.4 Functional testing.- 12.5 An example of integrated ATE.- 12.6 Summary.- 13. Automatic dimensional gauging.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Shop-floor dimensional inspection equipment.- 13.3 Dimensional measuring transducers.- 13.4 Automated applications using dimensional gauging.- 13.5 Process control integration.- 13.6 Conclusions.- Four: Quality data analysis and management.- 14. Statistical process control software, data collection and computer-aided inspection.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Statistical process control software.- 14.3 Shop-floor data collection.- 14.4 A case study in computer-aided inspection.- 14.5 Conclusions.- 15. Automating quality data management - the quality database.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Existing systems for quality data management.- 15.3 Requirements for the quality database.- 15.4 Full automation - the active quality database.- 15.5 Maintenance of inspection...

1 The baculoviruses.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Isolation and host range.- 1.3 Structure and classification.- 1.4 Baculovirus replication in vivo.- 1.5 Baculovirus replication in vitro.- 1.5.1 Baculovirus gene expression and replication.- 1.5.2 Baculovirus gene promoters.- 1.6 Genetic engineering of baculovirus insecticides.- 2 The development of baculovirus expression vectors.- 2.1 Introduction and historical perspective.- 2.2 The merits of the baculovirus expression system.- 2.2.1 Advantages.- 2.2.2 Disadvantages.- 2.3 General principles for inserting foreign genes into the baculovirus genome.- 2.4 Baculovirus transfer vectors.- 2.4.1 Polyhedrin promoter-based expression vectors.- 2.4.2 p10 promoter-based transfer vectors.- 2.4.3 Multiple expression vectors.- 2.4.4 Transfer vectors utilizing other baculovirus gene promoters.- 2.5 Selection of recombinant viruses.- 2.5.1 Selection of a polyhedrin-negative phenotype.- 2.5.2 Selection of f3-galactosidase-negative viruses.- 2.5.3 Recombinant virus selection using dot-blot hybridization.- 2.5.4 Screening for a positive phenotype.- 2.5.5 Enhancing the numbers of recombinant viruses.- 3 Processing of foreign proteins synthesized using baculovirus vectors in insect cells.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Glycosylation.- 3.3 Phosphorylation, acylation and amidation.- 3.4 Proteolytic processing.- 3.5 Cellular targeting and secretion.- 3.6 Tertiary and quaternary structure formation.- 3.7 Expression of viral genes.- 3.8 Expression of bacterial and fungal genes.- 3.9 Post-transcriptional processing.- 4 Construction of transfer vectors containing the foreign gene.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Isolation of foreign gene coding sequences.- 4.2.1 Some general guidelines.- 4.2.2 Isolation of DNA fragments from agarose gels.- 4.3 Modifying the ends of DNA molecules.- 4.3.1 Mung bean nuclease.- 4.3.2 Klenow fill-in.- 4.4 Preparation of the transfer vector.- 4.5 DNA ligations.- 4.6 Transformation of bacteria.- 4.7 Screening for recombinant baculovirus transfer vectors.- 4.7.1 Colony hybridization.- 4.7.2 Rapid isolation of bacterial plasmid DNA (mini-preps).- 4.8 Analysis of recombinant transfer vectors.- 4.9 Isolation of highly purified plasmid DNA (maxi-preps).- 5 Insect cell culture media and maintenance of insect cell lines.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Cell lines.- 5.3 Culture media.- 5.4 Preparation of culture media.- 5.4.1 Preparation of TC100/FCS growth medium.- 5.4.2 Preparation of Grace's (TNM-FH) growth medium.- 5.4.3 Preparation of 4.5 1 TC100 medium from powdered formula.- 5.4.4. Preparation of TC100 medium from individual ingredients.- 5.4.5 Specialized TC100 media.- 5.4.6 Alternative insect cell culture media.- 5.5 Glassware and disposable plasticware.- 5.5.1 Suggested cleaning regime for tissue culture glassware.- 5.6 Insect cell culture.- 5.6.1 Routine sub-culturing of Sf cell lines (monolayer cultures).- 5.6.2 Routine sub-culturing of Sf cells maintained in spinner cultures.- 5.7 A guide to Sf cell seeding densities for experimental work.- 5.8 Freezing, storage and recovery of insect cells in liquid nitrogen.- 5.8.1 Freezing and storage of cells in liquid nitrogen.- 5.8.2 Recovery of cells from liquid nitrogen.- 5.9 A guide to adapting cells to serum-free media.- 6 Propagation, titration and purification of AcMNPV in cell culture.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Safety considerations: general rules for working with baculoviruses.- 6.2 Infection of cells with virus for experimental work.- 6.2.1 Infection of Sf cells in monolayer culture.- 6.2.2 Infection of Sf cells in suspension culture.- 6.3 Titration of virus by plaque-assay.- 6.3.1 Standard plaque-assay.- 6.3.2 Plaque-assay of lacZ-positive viruses.- 6.4 Plaque-picking and plaque-purification.- 6.5 Amplification of virus stocks.- 6.5.1 To prepare a seed stock of virus from a plaque-pick.- 6.5.2 Preparation of an intermediate stock of virus.- 6.5.3 Preparation of a high-titre working stock of virus.- 6.6 Large-scale production of virus for the purifi...

This work gives the principles by which boundary value problems describing geophysical models can be converted into integral equations. It introduces Fredholm integral equations in a physical rather than mathematical approach.

One Advances in Modelling Methodology.- 1 New horizons in international commodity market modelling.- 2 Computing equilibria in imperfectly competitive commodity markets.- 3 Recent developments in spatial (temporal) equilibrium models: non-linearity, existence and other issues.- 4 Shadow pricing for natural resource goods and services, using the emergy method.- Two Application of New Methodologies to Particular Commodity Markets (Agricultural, Mineral and Energy Commodities).- 5 The effectiveness of the World Coffee Agreement: a simulation study using a quarterly model of the world coffee market.- 6 Modelling the world fibre market.- 7 Technical change, relative prices and intermaterial substitution.- 8 Spectral interpretation of stock adjustment processes in mineral markets.- 9 The linkages between the markets for petroleum products and the market for crude oil: an econometric-linear programming study.- 10 Modelling the international natural gas market: the case of the Western European natural gas market.- Three Application of New Methodologies to Commodity Futures Markets.- 11 Dynamic welfare analysis and commodity futures markets overshooting.- 12 When does the creation of a futures market destabilize spot prices?.- 13 The producer and futures markets.- 14 Futures prices and hidden stocks of refined oil products.- Four Application of New Methodologies to Other Commodity Market Issues.- 15 Post-recession commodity price formation.- 16 Trade-offs between short-run stability and long-run risk when stabilizing a commodity market.- 17 Are commodity prices leading indicators of OECD prices?.- 18 Conclusion.

1 Introduction.- 2 Importance of the immune system to life.- 3 Immunology and immunochemistry.- 4 Antigens.- 5 The major histocompatibility complex.- 6 The immunoglobulins (antibodies).- 7 Biosynthesis of antibodies.- 8 Preparation of pure immunoglobulins.- 9 Endogeneous immunomodulators (immunohormones).- 10 The complement system.- 11 Antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.- 12 Immunochemical methods.- 13 Phagocytosis.- Abbreviations.- Glossary of terms commonly used in immunochemistry.- Author index.

1 Are behaviours specific to animals of particular sex?.- 2 Sex typicality and sex conformity.- 3 Prenatal gonadal influences on mouse sociosexual behaviours.- 4 Heterotypical sexual behaviour in female mammals.- 5 Heterotypical sexual behaviour in male mammals: the rat as an experimental model.- 6 The development of sexuality and eroticism in human kind.- 7 Neuroendocrine differentiation of sex-specific gonadotropin secretion, sexual orientation and gender role behaviour.- 8 Biological and psychological factors in human aggression.- 9 Heterotypical behaviour in man and animals: concepts and strategies.

1 Introduction.- 2 Introduction.- 3 Charles Ernest Overton: narcosis studies and a contribution to general pharmacology.- Studies of Narcosis and a Contribution to General Pharmacology.- Preface.- One General Section.- 1 Background.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Attempts to distinguish between anaesthetics and narcotics.- 1.3 Inhalation anaesthetics and other non-specific narcotics.- 1.4 Non-specific and basic narcotics.- 1.5 Factors to be considered in developing a theory of narcosis.- 1.6 Relationship between dose and means of administration.- 1.7 Calculation of the concentration of a toxicant in the blood plasma.- 1.8 Conditions affecting blood plasma toxicant concentration.- 1.9 Bert's method for maintaining a constant concentration of an anaesthetic in the blood.- 1.10 Bert's experiments with chloroform and ethyl ether.- 1.11 Concentration of an anaesthetic in the blood plasma.- 1.12 The intercellular lymph as a pathway between the blood and the tissue cells.- 1.13 Three groups of compounds differing with respect to their permeability to tissue cells.- 1.13.1 Compounds unable to penetrate living cells.- 1.13.2 Compounds that readily penetrate living cells.- 1.13.3 Compounds that slowly penetrate living cells.- 1.14 Method of producing known and constant concentrations of non-volatile compounds in the blood: limits of applicability.- 2 Critical review of the major hypotheses on the mechanism of narcosis.- 2.1 Hypotheses based upon the circulation in the brain.- 2.2 Hypothesis of Claude Bernard.- 2.3 Hypothesis of Binz.- 2.4 Hypothesis of Dubois.- 2.5 Richet's principle.- 2.6 Hypotheses based upon the chemical composition of the brain.- 2.6.1 Chemistry of the nervous system.- 2.6.2 Hypothesis of Bibra and Harless.- 2.6.3 Contribution of Hermann.- 2.7 Theory of H. Meyer and the author on narcosis induced by non-specific narcotics.- 3 Lipoid theory of narcosis and partition coefficients.- 3.1 Theory of partition coefficients.- 3.2 Methods for measuring partition coefficients.- 3.2.1 Physical methods.- 3.2.2 Physiological methods.- 3.3 Measurement of partition coefficients between water and cerebral lipoids.- 3.4 General foundation of the lipoid theory of narcosis.- Two Experimental Results.- 4 Narcosis induced by ether and chloroform.- 4.1 Ether narcosis.- 4.1.1 Experiments with ethyl ether.- 4.1.2 Calculation of the ether concentration in the blood plasma of narcotized mammals and man from the data of Bert.- 4.1.3 Concentration of ether in the blood plasma of narcotized tadpoles.- 4.1.4 Concentration of ether in the blood plasma of other narcotized organisms and in narcotized plants.- 4.1.5 Biological transport of ether and other non-specific narcotics into the blood and cerebral lipoids of aquatic organisms.- 4.1.6 Partition coefficient of ether between water and olive oil.- 4.2 Chloroform narcosis.- 4.2.1 Experiments with chloroform.- 4.2.2 Calculations of the chloroform concentration in the blood plasma of mammals from the data of Bert.- 4.2.3 Chloroform concentration in the blood plasma of narcotized tadpoles.- 5 Aliphatic non-electrolyte organic compounds and narcosis.- 5.1 Monohydric alcohols.- 5.2 Aliphatic hydrocarbons and their halogen derivatives.- 5.3 Nitriles and nitroparaffins.- 5.4 Monovalent aldehydes, paraldehyde, chloral hydrate and chloralformamide.- 5.5 Ketones, sulfonals, aldoximes and ketoximes.- 5.6 Esters of mineral acids.- 5.7 Esters of organic acids: significance of the rate of saponification, and effect of the presence of hydroxyl groups.- 5.8 Dihydric and polyhydric alcohols and some of their derivatives.- 5.9 Acid amides: urea and its derivatives.- 5.10 Chloralose.- 6 Aromatic compounds.- 6.1 Aromatic hydrocarbons and azobenzene.- 6.1.1 Potent narcotic action of phenanthrene.- 6.2 Phenols and their ethers, vanillin and piperonal.- 6.2.1 Monovalent phenols and their ethers.- 6.2.2 Divalent phenols and their ethers.- 6.2.3 Vanillin and piperonal.- 6.3 Oil of turpentine, camphor and volatile oils.- 6.4 ...

1 Introduction.- 2 History.- 3 Occurrence and isolation.- 4 Biological activities.- 5 Carbohydrate specificity.- 6 Molecular properties.- 7 Three dimensional structures.- 8 Biosynthesis.- 9 Applications.- 10 Lectin resistant cells.- 11 Functions in nature.- 12 Epilogue.

One General Perspectives.- 1 Species differences in tolerance to environmental change.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Special senses.- 1.3 Locomotion and posture.- 1.4 Feeding: gape, teeth and jaws.- 1.5 Feeding: gastrointestinal tracts.- 1.6 Primates: diets and change.- 1.7 Concluding remarks.- 2 Adaptations to environmental change: an evolutionary perspective.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Sources of variation.- 2.3 Social flux in chimpanzees.- 2.4 Innovation, tradition and 'culture'.- 2.5 Life history variables.- 2.6 Invasions and radiations.- 2.7 Behavioural flexibility and evolutionary failure.- 2.8 Concluding remarks.- 3 Responsiveness to environmental change: interrelationships among parameters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Cognitive capacities.- 3.3 Temperament and response styles.- 3.4 Physiological indices - additional considerations.- 3.5 Social context.- 3.6 Individual differences.- 3.7 Concluding remarks.- 4 The social control of fertility.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Physiological studies of female reproductive suppression.- 4.3 Is there a common physiological cause of reproductive suppression?.- 4.4 Field studies of female reproductive suppression.- 4.5 Ovarian/menstrual synchrony and implications for humans.- 4.6 Concluding remarks.- 5 Individual variation in responsiveness to environmental change.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Interspecific and intraspecific variation in behaviour: theoretical expectations.- 5.3 Responsiveness to change as an axis of individual variation.- 5.4 Functional hypotheses for individual variation in response to change.- 5.5 Effects of captivity on variation in responses to change.- 5.6 Concluding remarks.- Two Environmental Change in Nature.- 6 Forest disturbance and Amazonian primates.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The study area.- 6.3 Study methods.- 6.4 The primate community.- 6.5 Use of different habitats.- 6.6 Food availability and selection.- 6.7 Discussion.- 6.8 Concluding remarks.- 7 Provisioning of Barbary macaques on the Rock of Gibraltar.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Provisioning.- 7.3 Gibraltar Barbary macaques: 72 years of provisioning.- 7.4 Provisioning levels.- 7.5 The influence of provisioning.- 7.6 Provisioning, supplemental food and demography.- 7.7 Wild and Gibraltar macaques compared.- 7.8 Concluding remarks.- 8 Nonhuman primates as pests.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 A study of primate pest problems.- 8.3 Discussion.- 8.4 Concluding remarks.- 9 Rehabilitation of captive chimpanzees.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Previous rehabilitation projects.- 9.3 A rehabilitation project in Liberia.- 9.4 Natural adaptive behaviour of the rehabilitated chimpanzees.- 9.5 Other changes in behaviour in the new environment.- 9.6 Initial losses from the rehabilitated group.- 9.7 A comparison of 'failures' and 'successes'.- 9.8 Concluding remarks.- 10 Responses of wild chimpanzees and gorillas to the arrival of primatologists: behaviour observed during habituation.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Study methods.- 10.3 Results.- 10.4 Discussion.- 10.5 Concluding remarks.- 11 Primate conservation and wildlife management.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Threats to primate diversity.- 11.3 Action needed to help endangered species.- 11.4 Primate studies and conservation.- 11.5 Advantages of peaceful coexistence with wild primates.- 11.6 Concluding remarks.- Three: Environmental Change in Captivity.- 12 Stimulation of natural patterns of behaviour: studies with golden lion tamarins and gorillas.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Management and husbandry of golden lion tamarins at the Jersey Zoo.- 12.3 Management and husbandry of lowland gorillas.- 12.4 Concluding remarks.- 13 Environmental challenges in groups of capuchins.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Behaviour in nature and behaviour towards objects in captivity.- 13.3 Presenting objects in a captive environment.- 13.4 Studies in our own laboratory.- 13.5 Baseline data.- 13.6 The introduction of a sequential puzzle.- 13.7 Presentation of a tool-using task.- 13.8 Concluding remarks.- 14 Environmental enrich...