Books published by Springer Nature Singapore

The metals industry was established in the Ural Mountains over two centuries ago. Seventy years ago, the town of Magnitogorsk was established, with US and Western assistance, to exploit the iron ore there. It became a symbol of USSR industry - and is now a symbol of air pollution. This volume describes the pollution in the region and the steps being taken to combat it.

The Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) devoted its 1997-1998 program to Emerging Applications of Dynamical Systems. Dynamical systems theory and related numerical algorithms provide powerful tools for studying the solution behavior of differential equations and mappings. In the past 25 years computational methods have been developed for calculating fixed points, limit cycles, and bifurcation points. A remaining challenge is to develop robust methods for calculating more complicated objects, such as higher- codimension bifurcations of fixed points, periodic orbits, and connecting orbits, as well as the calcuation of invariant manifolds. Another challenge is to extend the applicability of algorithms to the very large systems that result from discretizing partial differential equations. Even the calculation of steady states and their linear stability can be prohibitively expensive for large systems (e.g. 10_3- -10_6 equations) if attempted by simple direct methods. Several of the papers in this volume treat computational methods for low and high dimensional systems and, in some cases, their incorporation into software packages. A few papers treat fundamental theoretical problems, including smooth factorization of matrices, self -organized criticality, and unfolding of singular heteroclinic cycles. Other papers treat applications of dynamical systems computations in various scientific fields, such as biology, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, and mechanical engineering.

Saponins and Plant Defense; A.E. Osbourn, et al. Role of Toxins in Plant Microbial Interactions; S.P. McCormick, et al. Active Oxygen in Fungal Pathogenesis of Plants; The Role of Cercosporin in Cercospora Diseases; M.E. Daub, et al. Tree-Fungus Interactions in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis; R.T. Koide. Allelochemicals in Root Exudates of Maize: Effects on Root Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus Zeae; A. Friebe, et al. Chemical Signals in the Plant-Nematde Interaction: A Complex System? G. Gheysen. Salicylic Acid-Mediated Signal Transduction in Plant Disease Resistance; D.F. Klessig, et al. Biosynthesis of Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides and Their Role in the Root Nodule Symbiosis of Leguminous Plants; W.A.T. van Workum, J.W. Kijne. Flavonoids as Regulators of Plant Development: New Insights from Studies of Plant-Rhizobia Interactions; H.P. Spaink. Fatty Acid-Derived Signaling Molecules in the Interaction of Plants with Their Environment; E.W. Weiler, et al. Interactions BetweenAgrobacterium Tumefacients and Plant Cells; P. Bundock, P. Hooykaas. Wound and Defense Responses in Cassava as Related to Post-Harvest Physiological Deterioration; J.R. Beeching, et al. Index.

Polymer Based Drug Delivery Systems; E. Piskin. Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Microencapsulation; S. Benita. Recent Advances in Nanoparticles and Nanospheres; J. Kreuter. Evaluation and Formulation of Biodegradable Levodopa Microspheres Using 32 Factorial Design; B. Arica, et al. Surface-Modified Phospholipid-Stabilized Emulsions as Targeted Systems for Inhibition of Metastatic Cancer; M.J. Groves, X. Gao. Physical Characterization and Stability of a Microemulsion for Potential Oral Administration of a Peptide; A. Türkyilmaz, et al. Urea Permeation through Complex Coacervate Membranes; S. Peker, et al. Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Biosynthesis, Screening and Characterization; I. Gürsel, N.G. Alaeddinoglu. Antibiotic Release from Biodegradable PHV Microparticles; D. Sendil, et al. Drug Carrier Systems for Biotechnology Derived Products; F. Öner. Tissue Engineering of Liver; Y.M. Elçin. An In-depth Characterization of BHK Cell Lines; A. Stacey, et al. Investigation of Biological and Polymeric Material Using Atomic Force Microscopy; H. Zareie, et al. The Future Potential for the Use of Adjuvants in Human Vaccines; D. Stewart-Tull. 11 Additional Articles. Index.

Peeling the Onion; E. Block, et al. Health Promoting Phytochemicals in Citrus Fruit and Juice Products; A. Montanari, et al. Chemopreventive Agents in Foods; B. Stavric. Constituents of Wild Food Plants; A. Sotelo. Biology and Biochemistry of Underground Plant Storage Organs; H.E. Flores, T. Flores. Behavioral Determinants for the Ingestion of Food Phytochemicals; T. Johns. Phytochemicals and Wine Flavor; S.E. Ebeler. Food Colorants from Plant Cell Cultures; F. Cormier. Transgenic Manipulation of Edible Oilseeds; T. Voelker. Quantitative Microscopic Approaches to Carbohydrate Characterization and Distribution in Cereal Grains; R.G. Fulcher, et al. Index.

1 History and development of probiotics.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 History.- 1.3 Composition of probiotic preparations.- References.- 2 Bacterial interactions in the gut.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Methods for studying bacterial interactions.- 2.3 Main types of bacterial interactions in the gut.- 2.3 Conclusions.- References.- 3 Metabolic interactions in the gut.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mammalian intestinal metabolism.- 3.3 Gut bacterial metabolism.- 3.4 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Translocation and the indigenous gut flora.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Defence against bacterial translocation.- 4.3 Bacterial translocation in animal models with multiple deficiencies in host defences.- 4.4 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Gut flora and disease resistance.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Colonization resistance.- 5.3 Suppression of the multiplication of pathogens by the intestinal microflora.- 5.4 Mechanisms responsible for suppression of pathogens.- 5.5 Conclusions.- 5.6 The probiotic concept.- References.- 6 Factors affecting the microecology of the gut.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Definitions.- 6.3 Use of one or a limited number of bacterial strains in probiotic preparations.- 6.4 Ecological considerations.- 6.5 Recommendations for future developments.- References.- 7 Probiotics and the immune state.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Effect of orally administered lactic acid bacteria on immunity: non-specific and specific immune response.- 7.3 Effect of oral administration on the secretory immune system.- 7.4 Effect on the protection against enteric infections.- References.- 8 Genetit manipulation of gut microorganisms.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Microbes of potential interest.- 8.3 Molecular genetical studies.- 8.4 Stability of genetic determinants.- 8.5 Possible developments.- 8.6 Release of genetically modified microbes.- 8.7 Conclusions.- References.- 9 Selection of strains for probiotic use.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Aim of this chapter.- 9.3 First steps in the choice of microbial strains.- 9.4 Species and viability of probiotic microorganisms.- 9.5 Processing of viable microorganisms to end-products.- 9.6 Resistance to in vivo conditions.- 9.7 Adherence and colonization.- 9.8 Antimicrobial activity.- 9.9 Gene technology.- 9.10 Conclusion.- References.- 10 Probiotics for chickens.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The normal intestinal flora of poultry.- 10.3 Host-microbial flora interactions.- 10.4 The application of probiosis to poultry.- 10.5 Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics.- 10.6 Competitive exclusion.- 10.7 Immunity.- 10.8 Bacteriophages.- 10.9 Summary.- References.- 11 Probiotics for pigs.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Special features of pigs relevant to the use of probiotics.- 11.3 Current use of probiotics.- 11.4 Efficacy.- 11.5 Functional characteristics of potential probiotic strains.- 11.6 General discussion.- References.- 12 Probiotics for ruminants.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Probiotics for young ruminants.- 12.3 Fungal feed additives for adult ruminants.- 12.4 Bacterial probiotics for adult ruminants.- 12.5 Future developments.- References.- 13 Probiotics for humans.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract.- 13.3 Current use of probiotics.- 13.4 Nutritional benefits of probiotics.- 13.5 Therapeutic benefits of probiotics.- 13.6 More recent developments in the area of probiotics and health.- 13.7 Properties required for probiotics to be effective in nutritional and therapeutic settings.- 13.8 Future development of probiotics for human use.- 13.9 Future applications of probiotics.- 13.10 Techniques for probiotic modification.- References.- 14 Problems and prospects.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Factors affecting the probiotic response.- 14.3 Future developments.- 14.4 Summary.- References.

Detailed information dealing with the ecology of mycobacteria is derived from a variety of different scientific fields such as botany, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, microbiology and epidemiology. This is the first attempt to evaluate this information from an ecological point of view and to develop a strategy for the prevention of tuberculosis and other mycobacterioses based on the ecological behavior of mycobacteria, especially the potentially pathogenic species capable of either growth in the environment or provoking disease. Regarding the interests of the developing countries, special attention is paid to the ecology of Mycobacterium leprae and to the supporting effect of accompanying mycobacteria in its pathogenicity. On a more positive side, environmental mycobacteria play an important role in the ecology of moorland dragonflies. Such a book is needed for specialists working in the field of mycobacterial research, clinical laboratories, the public health service, food hygiene, the water industry and in general ecology.

DNA Vaccines: An Introduction; M.R. Hilleman. Architecture of a DNA vaccine; G. Pavlakis. DNA vaccine delivery; S. Kaufmann. Adjuvanticity of DNA vaccines; A. Krieg. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Antigen presentation; R. Steinman. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Antigen processing; J. Yewdell. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Induction of B cells; G. Kelsoe. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Induction of CD4+ T cells; E. Shevach. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Induction of CD8+ T cells; L. Whitton. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Cytokines as immune mediators as part of the immune response and their potential as genetic adjuvants to DNA vaccines; H. Ertl. Immune responses to DNA vaccines: Chemokines as immune mediators as part of the immune response and their potential as genetic adjuvants to DNA vaccines; P. Murphy. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: RNA viruses; J. Ulmer. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: HIV/SIV; B. Wahren. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: DNA viruses; B. Rouse. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: Tumor-associated viruses (excluding HBV); R. Kennedy. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: Bacteria; D. Lowrie. DNA Vaccines to infectious agents: Parasites; S. Hoffman. Use of DNA vaccines for neonatal/early childhood immunization; C.-A. Siegrist. The potential of DNA vaccines for developing countries; H. Wilde. DNA vaccines and their potential to counterbalance biological warfare/bioterrorism; A. Schmaljohn. DNA vaccines to cancer associated/specific antigens; DNA vaccines to autoimmune diseases; H. Wigzell. DNA vaccines to allergic diseases; Yan Chuah, P. Holt. DNA vaccines for gene therapy; K. High. Safety concerns for DNA; D. Klinman. DNA vaccines: Summary.