Books published by Springer

The Light Metals symposia at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition present the most recent developments, discoveries, and practices in primary aluminum science and technology. The annual Light Metals volume has become the definitive reference in the field of aluminum production and related light metal technologies. The 2023 collection includes contributions from the following symposia: - 60 Years of Taking Aluminum Smelting Research and Development from New Zealand to the World: An LMD Symposium in Honor of Barry J. Welch - Alumina & Bauxite - Aluminium Industry Emissions Measurement, Reporting & Reduction - Aluminium Waste Management & Utilisation - Aluminum Alloys, Characterization and Processing - Aluminum Reduction Technology - Cast Shop Technology - Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production - Scandium Extraction and Use in Aluminum Alloys

This book describes how cooperation between companies and non-profit organizations can be successfully structured. Companies want and need to take on more social responsibility, and joint projects with non-profit organizations are therefore more in demand than ever. This is not about maximizing profits through greenwashing or token commitments, but about serious corporate social responsibility projects and purpose strategies that strengthen the reputation on both sides. This requires a structured, transparent approach from the outset.The authors explain the theoretical basis and provide practical guidance on how the initiation of cooperation projects can lead to a credible and sustainable collaboration with added value for all stakeholders. An elementary part of the book is the "Code for Transparent Cooperation", a proven framework that can be applied directly in practice.A book for CSR, communication, marketing and compliance managers in companiesand non-profit organizations who strive for clear rules and an open dialogue at eye level.Anyone who acts as a credible driver of transformation would do well to operate sustainably themselves. Transparency creates credibility and reliability. The more an organization's goals shape the design of partnerships with companies, the more authentic they can appear to the outside world. This guide provides helpful tips and orientation on how to achieve coherence.Dipl.theol. Yvonne Zwick, Chairwoman of B.A.U.M. e.V. - Network for Sustainable Management, HamburgNon-profit organizations are central pillars of our society. Especially in times of disruption and change, their performance is of increasing importance. The prerequisite for this is independence - also in cooperation with companies. This book helps companies and non-profit organizations to understand their counterparts and establish stable collaborations.Dr. Günther Lutschinger, Managing Director of Fundraising Association Austria, ViennaThe time for lone wolves is over. If we are to achieve the Paris climate targets, companies must offer profitable solutions for people and the planet. It's all about: How do I tackle it? The new book by Gabriele Faber-Wiener and Bettina Gjecaj focuses in particular on partnerships with non-profit organizations and aims to prepare the ground for successful collaboration.Daniela Knieling, Managing Director respACT and Network Representative Global Compact Network Austria, ViennaCredibility, responsibility and transparency are the guarantee and basis for the sustainable development of companies. A thriving, trusting cooperation between companies and non-profit organizations helps to answer political and social questions and is a profound approach to solving complex ecological problems.Ernst Ternon, MBA MSc MSc, Head of Green Marketing, Wieselburg Campus, Wiener Neustadt University of Applied Sciences

This book offers a comprehensive and timely review of planar microwave sensors based on coupled structures. Gathering chapters contributed by the most authoritative researchers on this topic, it presents various strategies for sensor performance optimization using coupled lines, directional couplers, and coupled resonators (either distributed or semi-lumped), focusing mainly on sensitivity optimization, and covering chains of coupled resonators as well. The book also reports on analytical methods, design formulas, sensor validation tests, with both simulation and experimental methods, describing some relevant practical applications. Mainly reflecting the research activity carried out by the different contributors in the last years, this book also includes two introductory chapters to help readers who are not very familiar with microwave sensing technologies and coupled structures. All in all, this book addresses advanced graduate students and researchers involved in microwave and sensor technologies, and may be of interest for engineers and professionals as well, working in areas as diverse as wireless sensors and sensor networks, biosensing, chemical sensing, motion control, microfluidics, Internet of Things (IoT), and smart systems.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of both benign and cancerous tumors and cysts in many parts of the body. Considering the number of manifestations of the VHL disease, screening and management is complex and requires a multidisciplinary effort as well as an understanding of the interplay between all the manifestations. This book is one of the first to provide fundamental knowledge about VHL and the know-how on the various manifestations of this complex syndrome. Various aspects of VHL are reflected in this book's table of contents, written by the leading experts in each field discussed. Comprehensive and easy-to-use, this book offers a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the manifestations and management of patients with VHL and serves as the definitive book on the management of patients with VHL for surgical oncologists, endocrinologists, urologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologist, radiologists, and all primary care physicians.

This volume provides a critical perspective on the Soviet legacy of global competition and status anxiety in international higher education. Investigating tensions generated by the traditional power instruments of coercion, money and attraction, the book looks into the dynamics of multi-level forces that either advance progressive university policies and practices or lead to hyper-centralization, indoctrination and unfreedom of inquiry in higher education. The volume provides insights into political sources that champion the anxiety about superpower status over the agenda of social equality, fairness, and freedom in universities and their communities. The manuscript offers an excellent collation of studies shedding light on the phenomenon of de-Sovietization which was previously largely overlooked and underexplored in the higher education literature. The book appeals to policy-makers, practitioners and scholars of higher education who seek to understand historical and political conditions that affect the currency of Chinese and Russian scholarship. As de-Sovietization of higher education may often be aspiration than reality in the two post-totalitarian countries, this books offers a unique, thought-provoking frame of analysis urging for more studies in the area as well as encouraging enhanced responsibility in creating sufficient room for freedom of critical inquiry.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Machine Learning and Data Mining for Sports Analytics, MLSA 2023, held in Turin, Italy, in September 2023.The 16 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Football/Soccer, Basketball, Other team sports, Individual sports.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction, IHCI 2023, held in Daegu, South Korea, during November 8-10, 2023.The 55 full papers and 16 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 139 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Volume I: Natural Language and Dialouge Systems, Affective Computing and Human Factors, Human Centred AI, Human-Robot Interaction and Intelligent Interfaces and User Centred Design.Volume II: AI and Big Data, Deep Learning, Intelligent Systems, Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Interactions and Social Computing and Interactive Elements.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction, IHCI 2023, held in Daegu, South Korea, during November 8-10, 2023.The 55 full papers and 16 short papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 139 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Volume I: Natural Language and Dialouge Systems, Affective Computing and Human Factors, Human Centred AI, Human-Robot Interaction and Intelligent Interfaces and User Centred Design.Volume II: AI and Big Data, Deep Learning, Intelligent Systems, Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous Interactions and Social Computing and Interactive Elements.

Many cities in the developed world are undergoing a digital revolution, and have placed the "smart city" on their list of priorities. Smart cities use technological solutions such as Internet of Things, AI, 5G, Big Data, Cloud computing, Smart Grid, as well as all the emerging technologies of the digital era, to improve the management and efficiency of the urban environment. The aim is to make residents happier, healthier, smarter and more prosperous, and to make the city greener, cleaner, more sustainable, more responsible, more functional, more resilient, and more competitive.Enhanced by extensive research studies and carried out under the guidance of international scientific experts in the field. This book explores various papers related to smart cities, including digital twins, geo-smart information systems, education, healthcare, economy and digital business, building and home automation, environment and agriculture, and information technologies and computer science.

This book provides a comprehensive guide to JavaScript, which stands as the cornerstone of modern programming and is the main computer language driving the Internet. The author introduces readers to the rich world of JavaScript, taking them on a journey from the fundamentals to advanced topics, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to become a proficient science and engineering oriented JavaScript developer. The book provides a treasure trove of practical examples, meticulously crafted to deepen the reader understanding of JavaScript. This comprehensive exploration is designed to cater to novice learners as well as mature developers and scientists, equipping them with the requisite knowledge and competencies to harness the JavaScript full potential in their respective projects. This book is part of a series of works designed to present both the examples and their explanations in various computer languages, as close to a mirror version as possible.

This book begins with the eigenvalue equation of energy and presents calculation of the energy spectrum of GaAs-AlGaAs Quantum Well using finite difference method and knowledge of potential energy profile, without using expressions for eigenfunctions, continuity of eigenfunctions, or their spatial derivatives at the two abrupt potential steps. The authors find that the results are almost the same as those obtained by solving numerically using regula falsi method, and transcendental equations that are obeyed by the energy levels, where the transcendental equations are obtained by requiring continuity of eigenfunctions and of their spatial derivatives at the two potential steps. Thus, this book confirms that it is possible to numerically calculate the energy spectrum of Quantum Well by the finite difference method when it is not correct or when it is not possible to use continuity of eigenfunctions and their spatial derivatives at the two abrupt potential steps. The authors also showthat it is possible to use the finite difference method in cases where the potential steps are non-abrupt. The book demonstrates this by calculating the energy spectrum of isolated parabolic Quantum Well of finite depth using finite difference method.

This book provides a comprehensive guide to Python, which stands as the cornerstone of modern programming and is the main computer language driving software prototyping in both industry and research. The author introduces readers to the rich world of Python, taking them on a journey from the fundamentals to advanced topics, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to become a proficient Python developer or scientist. The book provides a treasure trove of practical examples, meticulously crafted to deepen the reader understanding of Python. This comprehensive exploration is designed to cater to novice learners as well as mature developers and scientists, equipping them with the requisite knowledge and competencies to harness the Python full potential in their respective projects. From the basics of variable naming and program structure to complex matrix operations, recursion, and object-oriented programming, this book covers it all. This book is part of a seriesof works designed to present both the examples and their explanations in various computer languages, as close to a mirror version as possible.

This is the first of three Books that together provide an integrated picture of the Aegean Sea, presenting the natural components of the system (Book I and Book II) as well as the human presence in the extended area (Book III). The Aegean Sea, also called Aegean Archipelagos, is an open, complex, and diverse marine system situated between the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean, with different compartments and interactions. This book provides an in-depth exploration of the Aegean Sea's natural systems, shedding light on its geodiversity, geological dynamics, air-land-sea interaction, hydrology, suspended matter and sediments. Divided into 4 parts, the book introduces the diversity, geological dynamics, and evolution of the natural system of the Aegean Sea (Parts 1 and 2), followed by a section devoted to the land-sea interaction in the Aegean coastal system where experts in the field explore freshwater and matter inputs into the Aegean coastal system, as well as the coastal morphodynamics and evolution of the Aegean Sea, its adjacent land areas, and islands. In Part 3, the book delves into the air-sea interaction over the Aegean Sea, presenting its intricate dynamics, including heat and freshwater fluxes, wind waves, tides, and atmospheric deposition. The book closes with a section focused on the hydrology, chemistry, and dynamics of water masses and the sea bottom, providing insights into suspended matter and fluxes, sediments, climate changes, and the intricate nutrient and carbon dynamics within the Aegean Sea ecosystem (Part 4). Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, this book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, scholars, and students interested in marine geology, oceanography, and environmental analysis, as well as policymakers and conservationists seeking a comprehensive understanding of the Aegean Sea's complex natural systems.

This open access book constitutes the revised selected papers of the First International Symposium on AI, Data and Digitalization, SAIDD 2023, held in Sogndal, Norway, during May 9¿10, 2023.The 13 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 42 submissions. The papers deal with the impact of data and AI on the digital revolution and their contribution to solving societal challenges.

This LNCS conference volume constitutes the proceedings of the third MICCAI Workshop, DGM4MICCAI 2023, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2023, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 2023. The 23 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions.The conference presents topics ranging from methodology, causal inference, latent interpretation, generative factor analysis to applications such as mammography, vessel imaging, and surgical Videos.

This edited collection provides a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge ideas, approaches, simulations, evaluations of risk, and systems that enhance the practicality of current geospatial technologies for reducing hazard risks. The various sections within this book delve into subjects such as the foundational principles of Earth Observation Systems (EOS) and geospatial methodologies. Additionally, the text serves as an advisory resource on the collaborative use of satellite-derived data and artificial intelligence to track and alleviate geo-environmental threats. The volume imparts extensive understanding regarding geo-environmental dangers and their analysis via EOS along with geospatial strategies. It encompasses key hazard-related themes including coastal degradation, predisposition to landslides, mapping vegetation coverages, tropical storm patterns, soil depletion due to erosion processes, vulnerability to rapid or extended flooding events, variations in oceansurface temperatures alongside chlorophyll-a levels; it also addresses assessments related to groundwater reserves and quality measures as well as sustainable management practices for watersheds that support community livelihoods--all through leveraging AI-integrated geospatial tools in conjunction with earth observation technologies. Furthermore, this work engages in discourse about systems designed for mitigating these ecological challenges sustainably. Scholars engaged in research activities; educational professionals; those involved in landscape design; engineers working at ground level; individuals responsible for policy-making--all who are concerned with geo-environmental hazards or associated domains--will find valuable insights within these pages.

This book equips dental care providers with a thorough understanding of oral maxillofacial pathology and the clinical management of oral lesions and oral biopsies. Readers will learn about the scientific basis of oral maxillofacial pathology, different types of biopsies, when to perfom a biopsy and how to handle it in the dental practice. The book focuses on clinical and radiographical features of oral diseases and guides the practitioner to differential diagnosis using an algorithm that leads to the best treatment for the patient.Emphasis is placed on the successful interdisciplinary work with oral maxillofacial pathologists, the importance of histological descriptions, and explanation on how to read pathological reports is provided. Differential diagnosis of a unilocular radiolucent, multilocular radiolucent lesion and radiopaque lesion in the jaws are discussed for vital teeth, non-vital teeth and the edentulous area.This book will help dentists to deepen their knowledge in oral maxillofacial pathology and guide them through the clinical application of diagnosis algorithms and biopsies in the dental care setting.

This book goes beyond the current hype of expectations generated by the news on artificial intelligence and machine learning by analyzing realistic expectations for society, its limitations, and possible future scenarios for the use of this technology in our current society. Artificial Intelligence is one of the top topics today and is inflating expectations beyond what the technology can do in the foreseeable future. The future cannot be predicted, but the future of some elements of our society, such as technology, can be estimated. This book merges the modeling of human reasoning with the power of AI technology allowing readers to make more informed decisions about their personal or financial decisions or just being more educated on current technologies. This book presents a model that sketches potential future scenarios based on a discussion of the expectations today, the analysis of the current gap in the literature, and a view of possible futures in terms of technology and use cases. Specifically, this book merges literature on the technology aspects, the sociological impacts, and philosophical aspects.

This is a book about computation, something which is ubiquitous in the modern world. More precisely, it examines computability theory and computational complexity theory. Computability theory is the part of mathematics and computer science which seeks to clarify what we mean by computation or algorithm. When is there a computational solution possible to some question? How can we show that none is possible? How computationally hard is the question we are concerned with? Arguably, this area lead to the development of digital computers. (Computational) complexity theory is an intellectual heir of computability theory. Complexity theory is concerned with understanding what resources are needed for computation, where typically we would measure the resources in terms of time and space. Can we perform some task in a feasible number of steps? Can we perform some algorithm with only a limited memory? Does randomness help? Are there standard approaches to overcoming computational difficulty?

This proceedings volume gathers selected, carefully reviewed works presented at the Portugal-Italy Conference on Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications (PICNDEA22), held on July 4-6, 2022, at the University of Évora, Portugal.The main focus of this work lies in non-linear problems originating in applications and their treatment with numerical analysis. The reader will also find new advances on topics such as ordinary and partial differential equations, numerical analysis, topological and variational methods, fluid mechanics, operator theory, stability, and more.The Portugal-Italy Conference on Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications convenes Italian and Portuguese researchers in differential equations and their applications to amplify previous collaboration and to follow and discuss new topics in the area. Reflecting the increasing teamwork involving the two mathematical communities, the conference has been opened to researchers from all nationalities.While researchers in analysis and related fields are the primary readership of this volume, PhD students can rely on this book as a valuable source to keep pace with recent advances in differential equations and cutting-edge applications.

This book provides a unique scientific contribution to the debate on Marx's legacy in proposing to critically articulate two "lines of discussion" which are most often kept apart. On the one hand, it reassesses the place of Marxian thought in the construction of Europe, seeking to revitalize the European political debate. On the other, it situates Marx' thought in the perspective of postcolonial and decolonial studies, with particular attention to their effort to overcome the indisputable limits of the Marxian legacy. In asking whether Marx' thought was too European or not European enough, the book examines internationalist emancipatory politics and eurocentrism, class struggle and finance in the shaping of the European institutions, migration, identity and violence, as well as Marxian critiques of colonialism both within and beyond Europe. At a time of extreme tension, also within leftist politics, this book provides a precise and rigorous argument on what continues to make Marx'sthought relevant, in grappling with social domination in the era of global capitalism, while also exploring the limits of Marxism today, both at the European level and worldwide.

This book covers selected papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Computing, IoT and Data Analytics (ICCIDA) in 2022 organized by Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Spain, August 11-12, 2023. It highlights some of the latest research advances and cutting-edge analyses of real-world problems related to Computing, IoT and Data Analytics and their applications in various domains. This includes state of the art models and methods used on benchmark datasets.

This volume collects the best papers presented at the 2019 Conference SIEV (Italian Society of Appraisal and Valuation) on the Science of Evaluation foundations, actuality, and prospects. The book consists of twenty-six papers and is organized into four parts: the first one collects reflections on the nature of the value judgement, on the truth of the evaluative statement, and on the authenticity its contents, the values; the next three present operational experiences in the three fields of natural, urban and cultural heritage where the knowledge of the value of the human space, supports decisions and policies, highlighting feature concerning: value and valuations in the dialectic between earth and the city; the value bearers between heuristic and normatively; the role of valuation for the complementarity of rules and creativity.The book is being published in the midst of the new radical transformations of the equilibrium between social system and environment generated by the serious and unexpected crises of the third decade of this century. Reflections on the reality that fills evaluative statement with truth ¿ the reality of values ¿ is more topical than ever in a historic phase in which the role of democracies and the destiny of civil coexistence is called into question, claiming the order of unamendable values like truth, justice and beauty.The book brings together experiences that focus on the ¿intentional evaluative consciousness¿ as a condition for the responsibility of the subject - individual and collective - concerning the saliences and urgencies most significantly contributing to the formation of orderly communities.

This book of the SPAR series contains 39 scientific articles presented in the Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems conference organized in November 28-30, 2022, in Montbéliard, France. The contributions are covering a broad scope of topics within distributed robotics including mobile sensor networks, unmanned aerial vehicles, multi-agent systems, algorithms for multi-robot systems, modular robots, swarm robotics, and reinforcement learning or deep learning applied to multi-robot systems.

This book introduces readers to the fascinating world of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and quarks and gluons, the elementary constituents of protons, neutrons, and all hadrons. Specifically, it focuses on the color of quarks and gluons, responsible for their mutual interactions via the strong force. The book provides an elementary introduction to the birdtrack technique, which is a powerful tool for addressing the color structure of QCD in a pictorial way. The technique shows how quark and gluon colors are combined and mixed in QCD. The author discusses color conservation, shows how to project on color states of systems of quarks, antiquarks, and gluons, how to derive their color charges. The book is enriched with many exercises integrated in the text to learn by doing.This book is primarily intended for particle physics students, graduates, and researchers working in the field of QCD. However, it requires no specific prerequisites in QCD, so it may also be of interest to students of mathematics, as an illustration of the use of the birdtrack pictorial technique in representation theory.

This book presents the importance of the mechanism of hairpin vortex formation to understanding flow transition, turbulence, and flow control. This book blends direct numerical simulation (DNS) and mathematical analysis with experiments to create a foundation for understanding turbulence. The authors discuss hairpin vortex as a main component of transitional flow and turbulent flow. In addition, Liutex is utilized and described as a theoretical system that presents valid tools for turbulence research. Readers are exposed to understanding 3D and non-linear instability; the Lambda vortex formation; sweeps, ejections, and shear instability; the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and vortex ring formation; and turbulence generation and sustenance.

This book offers a selection of 13 case studies on how the notion of grounding helps illuminate philosophical discussions of our past with a special focus on debates of the Middle Ages. It thereby makes not only the case that the notion of grounding, which has become so widely debated in analytic metaphysics, has a long and venerable tradition, but also shows that this tradition has a lot to teach to contemporary philosophers of grounding. This is because the historical authors discussed in this volume - that is, Aristotle, Fazang, Boethius, Avicenna, Abelard, Aquinas, Scotus, Ockham, Buridan, Suárez, Leibniz, and others - suggested different types of non-efficient-causal explanations which are to be carefully distinguished. This volume illustrates how philosophy and history of philosophy can be mutually illuminating by showing that the terminology developed in the contemporary debate about grounding can help reconstruct philosophical discussions from Antiquity up to the Early Modern Period, and that these very discussions enrich, and in part challenge the contemporary debate about grounding. In this vein, it is an important reading for everyone interested in the history of grounding and the philosophical insights that this history might have left to us.

The updated 2nd edition of Healthcare Management Engineering In Action in the Business Guides on the Go series provides a comprehensive exploration of healthcare management operations. Through a systematic comparison of predictive and analytic decision-making methodologies with traditional management approaches, the book employs case studies derived from real-world hospital and clinic scenarios. It addresses a spectrum of problem encompassing patient flow, capacity management, resource allocation, staffing and scheduling, statistical data analytics, and cost distribution among cooperating providers.The revised edition contains enhanced content, spotlighting key management principles vital for effective operational decision-making. The book encompasses a wide array of quantitative methods, including discrete event simulation, queuing analytic theory, linear, integer and probabilistic optimization, among others. By acting as a bridge between management engineering experts and healthcare administrators, Healthcare Management Engineering is an invaluable resource for hospital and clinic leadership, aiding them in their managerial roles. Furthermore, it serves as a comprehensive repository of introductory challenges and projects suitable for graduate-level students in healthcare management and administration.

This book is the first review book that uses the multiple-choice question format in neurosurgical oncology which mirrors the format of the majority of shelf and board examinations.The mission of the book is to help readers understand the content and maintain the knowledge, rather than merely finding answers for complicated questions. It provides more than 800 MCQs in a convenient format that is suitable for self-study. Answers and definitions appear immediately below the questions to facilitate information retention. The chapters provide comprehensive coverage of the core concepts in neurosurgical oncology. They provide a step-by-step, thorough explanations of each disease from the definition, associated anatomy, pathology, clinical features, radiology to surgical decision-making, and surgical tricks, providing a comprehensive and concise overview.This book is an adjunct to the existing texts and does not intend to be the primary source of information; it ratheraims to help readers identify their relevant strengths and weaknesses in the area. The book is an important asset for residents across neurosurgical disciplines as it includes much of the neuro-oncology knowledge that neurosurgical residents need to prepare for their certification tests. It is also useful for those seeking ways to solidify their knowledge or maintain their current certification.

This volume offers the most comprehensive introduction to the ideas of ancient Chinese thinkers who looked to perfect a political system thru the emphasis on impersonal standards, laws, and norms (fa). This book covers the works of these thinkers, misleadingly dubbed Legalists, as well as the controversies they aroused, the legacy they left behind, and their potential relevance. The fa thinkers contributed decisively to the formation of China's first unified empire in 221 BCE, but this contribution was not widely acknowledged. Their derision of the moralizing discourse of their rivals, dismissal of independent intellectuals as self-serving hypocrites, and advocacy of a powerful centralized state did not endear them to most Chinese literati. To a certain extent, these reservations remain visible in modern research, which explains why a comprehensive study of the fa traditions is still lacking. This volume fills that gap. The first of four parts introduces major texts and thinkers of the fa tradition from the Warring States (453-221 BCE) to the Former Han (206/202 BCE-9 CE) periods. The second part analyzes the major ideas of the fa texts, including concepts of fa and their implementation in political and legal spheres, views of human nature, state-society relations, rulership, morality in politics, the evolutionary view of history, and philosophy of language. The third part focuses on the changing attitudes toward fa ideas in imperial and modern China. The fourth part explores the ideas of fa advocates from a comparative perspective--both against intellectual currents in early China and Western traditions such as Machiavellianism and totalitarianism. This book serves as a reference for students and researchers in ancient Chinese history and thought, and comparatists in the field of political philosophy.