Books published by Walter de Gruyter

The present volume offers the first critical edition of the medieval Arabic translation of Galen's Commentary on Book 6 of the Hippocratic Epidemics produced by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (d. ca. 870). The edition is based on all extant Arabic textual witnesses, including the Arabic secondary transmission. Only about two thirds of the Greek original of this text is extant; the Arabic translation is therefore the only complete witness to this important work. The number and extent of quotations from this commentary in medieval Arabic medical writings, which are documented in the introduction to the volume, demonstrate that it became a crucial source for the development of medicine in the Islamic world. It also gave rise to a wide range of didactic writings which illustrate its importance for medical teaching. The English translation aims to convey some of the flavour of the Arabic text. The volume also contains comprehensive indices that map out the terminology and style of the translation.

How is grammaticalization theory to accommodate the external factors that drive change and the competition that inevitably comes with change? This volume collects a wide range of papers at this intersection between grammaticalization theory and variationist linguistics. Grammaticalization and grammatical innovation, even if inevitably subject to formal change, are primarily driven by functional and communicative pressures. These include extravagant abuse of a construction for effect, but just as well reduction of its semantics to enhance its scope. Variation is shown to feed into this process through various means, including social embedding, functional competition (between variant constructions or between functions within a construction), stylistic specialization, contact-induced grammaticalization, but also analogical support of variant syntactic patterns. Attention is also paid to the methodological integration of variationist thinking and grammaticalization theory, including the issue of relative weight of language-internal and language-external variables, and how to measure their interaction. This study of grammaticalization through the lens of variation is of interest to all linguists studying language variation and change.

Recent research has shown that proper names morphosyntactically differ from common nouns in many ways. However, little is known about the morphological and syntactic/distributional differences between proper names and common nouns in less known (Non)-Indo-European languages. This volume brings together contributions which explore morphosyntactic phenomena such as case marking, gender assignment rules, definiteness marking, and possessive constructions from a synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspective. The languages surveyed include Austronesian languages, Basque, English, German, Hebrew, and Romance languages. The volume contributes to a better understanding not only of the contrasts between proper names and common nouns, but also of formal contrasts between different proper name classes such as personal names, place names, and others.

In the pre-modern times, while medicine was still relying on classical authorities on herbal remedies, a new engagement with the plant world emerged. This volume follows intertwined strands in the study of plants, examining newly introduced species that captured physicians' curiosity, expanded their therapeutic arsenal, and challenged their long-held medical theories. The development of herbaria, the creation of botanical gardens, and the inspection of plants contributed to a new understanding of the vegetal world. Increased attention to plants led to account for their therapeutic virtues, to test and produce new drugs, to recognize the physical properties of plants, and to develop a new plant science and medicine.

das um 1300 entstandene 'Passional' ist die erste große Legendensammlung in deutscher Sprache und gilt als eines der dichterisch bedeutsamsten und wirkungsmächtigsten Werke der mittelhochdeutschen geistlichen Epik. Der anonyme Autor hat den nach dem Fest- und Heiligenkalender geordneten Legendenstoff seiner Hauptquelle, der 'Legenda aurea' des Jacobus de Voragine, neu gegliedert und in drei Bücher aufgeteilt: Buch I fasst die auf die verschiedenen Marien- und Herrenfeste verteilten Stoffe zu einem Marienleben zusammen, Buch II enthält die Apostellegenden und Buch III 75 Heiligenleben. Im Gegensatz zu den Heiligenleben waren Buch I und II bislang nur als Abdruck einer unvollständigen Handschrift zugänglich. Sie liegen nun erstmals in einer Ausgabe vor, welche die Gesamtheit der Überlieferung, das Verhältnis zu den Quellen und den besonderen Wortschatz des Autors ausführlich dokumentiert.

The world is wrought with risks that may harm people and cost lives. The news is riddled with reports of natural disasters (wildfires, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes), industrial disasters (chemical spills, water and air pollution), and health pandemics (e.g., SARS, H1NI, COVID19). Effective risk communication is critical to mitigating harms. The body of research in this handbook reveals the challenges of communicating such messages, affirms the need for dialogue, embraces the role of instruction in proactively communicating risk, acknowledges the function of competing risk messages, investigates the growing influence of new media, and constantly reconsiders the ethical imperative for communicating recommendations for enhanced safety.

Between working men and women (which may include "free" wage earners, chattel slaves, indentured labourers, sharecroppers, domestic servants, and many others) and those employing them, there has always been a constant - mostly silent but sometimes overt - struggle concerning employers' discretionary power and over the interpretation of formal and informal rules. There is a constantly shifting frontier of control, that is, an ongoing struggle for control in the workplace, with managers and supervisors trying to increase their power over their subordinates, and their subordinates, in reaction, trying to maintain and increase their relative autonomy. The detailed case studies in this volume span three centuries and cover different parts of the world. Still, they speak to each other in many ways, highlighting the fact that power at work, whether on the shopfloor or beyond, results from a wide range of complex interrelations. Between technological innovations and the ways in which they are actually implemented. Between the division of labour at the site of production or service provision and changing standards of social segmentation beyond the premises of the company, which can be reinforced - or weakened - by management strategies of utilizing labour power as well as workers' reaction to these strategies. And finally, between politics in production, which shape the relations between capital and labour on the shopfloor, and state politics of production, which cannot be understood without reference to broader developments in economy and society.

Numerous studies concerning transitional justice exist. However, comparatively speaking, the effects actually achieved by measures for coming to terms with dictatorships have seldom been investigated. There is an even greater lack of transnational analyses. This volume contributes to closing this gap in research. To this end, it analyses processes of coming to terms with the past in seven countries with different experiences of violence and dictatorship. Experts have drawn up detailed studies on transitional justice in Albania, Argentina, Ethiopia, Chile, Rwanda, South Africa and Uruguay. Their analyses constitute the empirical material for a comparative study of the impact of measures introduced within the context of transitional justice. It becomes clear that there is no sure formula for dealing with dictatorships. Successes and deficits alike can be observed in relation to the individual instruments of transitional justice - from criminal prosecution to victim compensation. Nevertheless, the South American states perform much better than those on the African continent. This depends less on the instruments used than on political and social factors. Consequently, strategies of transitional justice should focus more closely on these contextual factors.

Past studies of family language socialization often focus on children's verbal communication skills and are conducted from the parents' perspective. This book describes a child's mostly self-directed and near-simultaneous multilingual and multiliterate development from birth to age 8. The present findings thus emphasize the critical role of child agency, and they may redefine and expand on the traditional theoretical framework of family language policy.

The study of informal involvement with additional languages has recently emerged as a dynamic research field in SLA. With the rapid development and spread of internet-based technologies, contact with foreign languages outside the classroom has become commonplace. While this can take multiple forms, online contents are a major driving force because they present learners with unprecedented opportunities for exposure to and use of target languages regardless of their physical location. Research from diverse geographical, educational and socio-economic contexts bring a rich variety of perspectives to this book. It explores these phenomena via a range of theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches, focusing particularly on individual differences and language development. The volume proposes that teachers in formal learning settings should seek to support and facilitate the development of these identities and practices, and it indicates means they can adopt to best do so.

During the Nazi era, about three million Jews - half the victims of the Holocaust - were deported from the German Reich, the occupied territories, as well as Nazi-allied countries, and sent to ghettos, camps, and extermination centers. The police and the SS also deported tens of thousands of Sinti and Roma, mainly to the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp, where most of them were killed. Deportations were central to National Socialist persecution and extermination. In November 2020, an international conference organized by the Arolsen Archives focused on the various historical sources, their research potential, and (digital) methods of cataloging them. It also explored new (systematizing and comparative) approaches in historical research. This volume features over 20 contributions by scholars from different countries and with a variety of perspectives and questions. The main geographical focus is on deportations from the German Reich and German-occupied Southeastern Europe.

Queer linguistics - in its position as both a linguistic science of and for queer folk - is inherently agitating to the disciplinary anxiety of a general linguistic science. It represents, as all queer science does, a disruption of the normative modes of knowledge production and a displacement of academic authority. This collection reconsiders the placement of the queer subject, both as the researcher and as the researched, within and beyond the discipline and provides an intellectual space for the interdisciplinary (and sometimes anti-disciplinary) linguistic science of gender and sexuality. In three sections, it respectively considers the development of hyper-speciated queer linguistic subfields, the interdisciplinarity of intersectional approaches to queer language, and the institution of queer linguistic science both within and beyond the academy. Taken together, the essays in this collection confront the scientific and institutional discipline of linguistics from a queer vantage point, one which is perhaps inherently interdisciplinary in its formulation.

Current semantic fieldwork research has shown that the study of modality cannot be conducted via translation alone, yet much of what we know about modal expressions across the world's language is still translation-based. This book aims to facilitate the study of modality across more diverse languages and a wider participant base by explaining and illustrating a nuanced set of methods, including storyboards, questionnaires, corpora research, experimental tasks, as well as a discussion of practical semantic fieldwork techniques. The methodological protocols tested and employed by the authors on underdescribed languages - spanning seven different language families - are intended to be applicable as cross-linguistic tools, while also indicating the successes and challenges of their contributions. Expanding the study of modality to a wider set of underdescribed languages will undoubtedly bring new insights into our theoretical understanding of modality and deepen our understanding of a cross-linguistic typology of modal expressions.

Acquisition of the native language proceeds in a stage-wise manner for both typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language disorder (DLD). As shown in TD children learning Dutch and German, the ability to establish contextual cohesion serves as the driving force to proceed from a simple, lexical system to a more complex, functional system. It is argued that precisely this ability is challenged in children with DLD. The present book offers an account of the functional linguistic features fit to achieve contextual cohesion in language production. It provides a rationale for practitioners to develop linguistically founded tools to be used in speech therapy.

Archives are popularly seen as liminal, obscure spaces -- a perception far removed from the early modern reality. This examination of the central English archival system in the period before 1700 highlights the role played by the public records repositories in furnishing precedents for the constitutional struggle between Crown and Parliament. It traces the deployment of archival research in these controversies by three individuals who were at various points occupied with the keeping of records: Sir Robert Cotton, John Selden, and William Prynne. The book concludes by investigating the secretive State Paper Office, home of the arcana imperii, and its involvement in the government's intelligence network: notably the engagement of its most prominent Keeper Sir Thomas Wilson in judicial and political intrigue on behalf of the Crown. 　 　

Lynchjustiz, Volkstribunale, Säuberungswellen - die Abrechnung mit dem Faschismus in Italien war ein unerhört dramatischer Prozess. Sie richtete sich nicht, wie im besetzten Deutschland nach 1945, gegen einen bereits überwundenen Gegner, der für seine Verbrechen büßen und von künftigen Abenteuern abgehalten werden sollte. Die italienische Abrechnung richtete sich vor allem gegen einen aktuellen Feind, den es erst noch niederzuringen galt in einem zweijährigen Bürgerkrieg, der in einen Klassenkrieg einzumünden drohte. Nirgends sonst im westlichen Europa hat der Vergeltungsfuror so viele Opfer gefordert, nirgends sonst haben die Gerichte so rasch und unerbittlich auf die Herausforderung der Abrechnung reagiert, nirgends sonst hat man danach freilich auch so schnell eine Generalamnestie erlassen und damit für längere Zeit jede weitere Auseinandersetzung mit der faschistischen Vergangenheit unterbunden.

Die von der Germanistik und von der Niederlandistik lange erwartete Edition macht einen Text zugänglich, der als versgenaue Umsetzung eines niederländischen Werkes ins Deutsche eine Vorstellung zu vermitteln vermag von der Gestalt des mittelniederländischen "Madelgijs", der bekanntesten, aber nur fragmentarisch erhaltenen niederländischen Bearbeitung eines Chanson de geste-Stoffes, des französischen "Maugis d'Aigremont". Das rund 23.000 Verse umfassende Epos über Malagis, den zauberkundigen Helfer der vier Haimonskinder, wurde zusammen mit den zwei eng verwandten Epen, dem 1885 bereits in einer modernen Ausgabe erschienenen "Reinolt von Montalban" und dem in absehbarer Zeit ebenfalls in den Deutschen Texten des Mittelalters erscheinenden "Ogier", im 15. Jahrhundert am Heidelberger Hof rezipiert. Die Edition des "Malagis" wie des "Ogier" werden daher in besonderem Maße zur Kenntnis der niederländisch-deutschen Literaturbeziehungen im Spätmittelalter und zur Erhellung des Literaturbetriebs eines spätmittelalterlichen Fürstenhofes beitragen. Die umfangreiche Einleitung zur Ausgabe gibt Auskunft über die handschriftliche Überlieferung und die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung des Stoffes in der deutschen, niederländischen und französischen Literatur sowie über die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Bearbeitungen des Stoffes. Leithandschrift für den Text des nur in zwei Handschriften des 15. Jahrhunderts überlieferten "Malagis" ist der Cpg 340. In einem Lesartenapparat sind die für das zeitgenössische Textverständnis aufschlussreichen Varianten des cpg 315, einer direkten Abschrift des Cpg 340, verzeichnet. In einem kommentierenden Apparat werden schwer verständliche Stellen erläutert und Konjekturen begründet, z. T. durch Hinweise auf die mndl. Fragmente, deren Beginn bzw. Ende am rechten Rand des Textes nach der Edition von Bob Th. W. Duijvestijn vermerkt ist. Ein Namenverzeichnis mit einer genealogischen Übersicht und ein ausführliches Glossar, das über ein bloßes Wortverzeichnis hinausgeht, beschließen den lange erwarteten Band, der das Ergebnis einer erfolgreichen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit von Germanisten und Niederlandisten aus mehreren Ländern repräsentiert.

Die Landständische Verfassung stand lange im Schatten des dominanten borussisch-kleindeutschen Geschichtsbildes, das allein die absolute Monarchie als Trägerin des Fortschritts auf dem Weg zum nationalen Machtstaat sah. Alles Beharrende oder Entgegenstehende wurde als rückständig und eigennützig abgewiesen und möglichst ausgeblendet. Damit wurde die genossenschaftliche Alternative der deutschen Verfassungs- und Gesellschaftsentwicklung im historischen wie politischen Bewusstsein verschüttet, ein Verbindungsglied zum modernen Parlamentarismus ins Vergessen gedrängt. Der vorliegende Band soll den auch in Deutschland stark entwickelten Frühparlamentarismus in Mittelalter und Neuzeit wieder in das Bewusstsein heben. Er war reich entwickelt. In der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Territorien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches gab es parlamentarische Versammlungen mit beachtlichen politischen Mitbestimmungsrechten - nicht geringer als die des englischen Parlaments. Es lassen sich mehrere Ebenen vom Kommunalismus bis zum Föderalismus unterscheiden. Herrschaft war lange nur mit dem Konsens der Regierten durchzusetzen und zu gestalten. Gewiss minderte der erstarkende Absolutismus die Rechte der Landstände, ja hob sie bisweilen ganz auf. Aber dennoch blieb die Landständische Verfassung ein fester Bestandteil im Erleben wie im Bewusstsein der Menschen im Ancien Régime, an welche die Diskussionen des 19. Jahrhunderts über Verfassungsreformen anknüpfen konnten.

The aim of this volume is to bring together researchers interested in investigating the role that Discourse Markers play in language production and comprehension from an experimental or corpus-based perspective. In any kind of human communication, Discourse Markers are part of the game. This omnipresence informs us of a crucial inherent aspect of human language. Yet, as a linguistic category, Discourse Markers remain underdetermined. To gain deeper insight into this complex linguistic category, more systematic work is needed on the production and on the interpretation of Discourse Markers in a variety of situational settings, resorting to different methodological approaches. The contributions in this volume aim at drawing more attention to the double face of Discourse Markers, namely as signals intentionally used by the speaker to facilitate the addressee's interpretation of the discourse, but also as potential traces of the speaker's production difficulties. The combination of experimental and corpus-based approaches and the focus on processing of Discourse Markers in both production and comprehension makes this volume a unique contribution in answering the question why we use Discourse Markers in certain situations, but also when we do not.

Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Over the last three decades, the linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity in the Russian mega-city has increased substantially. On the other hand, language policy and language situation received little or no academic attention. The collection is closing this gap in the literature and investigates the urban multilingual practices in Moscow. A particular focus is placed on the investigation of multimodal interactions within minority groups. Ideologies about language play an important role in how communities form and differentiate themselves from others. Interestingly, the book unearths significant ideological views held about language varieties spoken in Moscow. The collection offers interdisciplinary contributions from areas such as education, intercultural communication, migration studies, geography, ethnography of communication, and community practitioners. In sum, the reader benefits from an insightful introduction to the complex linguistic situation in the dynamic capital of Russia.

Mit den "Frankfurter Dokumenten" erteilten die westalliierten Militärgouverneure den Ministerpräsidenten ihrer Besatzungszonen im Juli 1948 den Auftrag zur Ausarbeitung einer Verfassung für den Weststaat. Die Autorin stellt den Beitrag der Länder zur Entstehung der Bundesrepublik in das Zentrum ihrer Untersuchung und fragt nach den Motiven und Interessen hinter den Entscheidungen. Neben dem Aspekt der Verfassung behandelt sie das Problem des Besatzungsstatuts und der Ländergrenzenreform. Ihre Studie zeigt, welche bedeutende Leistung Ministerpräsidenten 1948 vollbrachten: Trotz länderpolitischer Sonderinteressen, taktischer Rücksichtnahmen und persönlicher Eitelkeiten sowie innen- und außenpolitischer Sachzwänge trafen die Länderchefs Entscheidungen, die ihre Tragfähigkeit bis auf den heutigen Tag bewiesen haben.

This volume is the first dedicated to the comprehensive, in-depth analysis of constructions with nouns like 'type' and 'sort'. It focuses on type noun constructions in Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages, integrating the different descriptive traditions that had been developed for each language family. As a result, a greater variety of type noun constructions is revealed than in the hitherto more fragmented literature. But attention is also drawn to the cross-linguistic similarity of the new pragmatic meanings, such as ad hoc and approximative categorization, hedging, focus and filler uses, and the new grammatical functions in NPs (e.g. phoric uses), clauses (e.g. adverbial uses) and complex sentences (e.g. quotatives). The volume offers survey chapters of type noun constructions in each language family as well as contributions focusing on specific aspects in one or two languages, such as their grammar, semantics and pragmatics, diachronic development, discursive and sociolinguistic variety. These complementary methodologies elucidate the unique cross-linguistic field of type noun constructions both descriptively and theoretically. Hence, this volume can also serve as a model for similar surveys in other functional domains.

Linguistic variation, loosely defined as the wholesale processes whereby patterns of language structures exhibit divergent distributions within and across languages, has traditionally been the object of research of at least two branches of linguistics: variationist sociolinguistics and linguistic typology. In spite of their similar research agendas, the two approaches have only rarely converged in the description and interpretation of variation. While a number of studies attempting to address at least aspects of this relationship have appeared in recent years, a principled discussion on how the two disciplines may interact has not yet been carried out in a programmatic way. This volume aims to fill this gap and offers a cross-disciplinary venue for discussing the bridging between sociolinguistic and typological research from various angles, with the ultimate goal of laying out the methodological and conceptual foundations of an integrated research agenda for the study of linguistic variation.

Island phenomena are a central topic in generative grammar, especially because of principled exceptions to these general extraction constraints. This volume investigates exceptional extractions from phrasal adjunct islands. It argues, based on experimental studies, that several factors identified in the previous literature are uninformative about locality conditions because they show effects in both extraction and non-extraction sentence forms. The volume develops a multifactorial model to account for these effects without appealing to universal extraction conditions and argues that the relative acceptability of the underlying proposition determines acceptability across sentence types.

The handbook Language and Emotion is intended to give a historical and systematic profile of the area. It will aim to connect contemporary and historical theories, approaches, and applications and to cover eastern and western perspectives of language, communication, and emotion. It will present all relevant aspects of language and emotion and thus contribute significantly to research in the field of linguistics and semiotics of emotion.

This book provides a usage-based perspective to the study of multi-word compounding, analyzing the structural, functional and cognitive aspects of tripartite compounds (e.g. day care center, football game, hotel bedroom). It highlights the heterogeneity of these word-formation products, but also carves out surprising differences to two-word compounds. In order to reveal the step from two-word compounding to multi-word compounding, the book explains why only some compounds are used productively for the formation of more complex compounds. Building on the idea of entrenchment, it provides a theoretical account that allows understanding speakers' ability to produce multi-word compounds.

Caijia, [meŋ²¹ni33ŋoŋ33] 'Caijia speech', is an endangered language in the Sino-Tibetan family with less than 1000 speakers in Hezhang and Weining counties in northwest in Guizhou Province in Southwest China. Its sub-classification remains unclear. It was almost four decades ago when the Caijia language was officially reported for the first time in 1982 by the Language Team of Bureau of Ethnic Identification in Bijie, yet this language has nevertheless remained neither well-described nor studied. This book, a linguistic description of the Xingfa variety of Caijia based on the fieldwork data in Xingfa township of Hezhang county, is the first reference grammar of the Caijia language, covering its sound system, word formation, parts of speech and syntactic structures in fifteen chapters. Being analytic, Caijia presents many common grammatical features attested in East and Southeast Asian languages, for example, compounds, quadrisyllabic idiomatic expressions or elaborate expressions, lack of inflection, a classifier system, a strong relationship between nominalization and relativization, pro-drop and grammaticalization of verbs. Moreover, Caijia shares more similarities with Sinitic languages. Apart from these common areal features, this book will also reveal some special features of Caijia.

This book presents a new extended framework for the study of early multicompetence. It proposes a concept of multilingual competences as a valuable educational target, and a view of the multilingual learner as a competent language user. The thematic focus is on multilingual skill development in primary schoolers in the trilingual province of South Tyrol, northern Italy. A wide range of topics pertaining to multicompetence building and the special affordances of multilingual pedagogy are explored. Key concepts like language proficiency, native-speakerism, or monolingual classroom bias are subjected to critical analysis.

Das Münchener Abkommen von 1938 zerstörte endgültig die nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Europa etablierte Friedensordnung. Seine Bedeutung geht somit weit über die erzwungene Abtretung der böhmisch-mährischen Grenzgebiete an Deutschland hinaus. Es war der Auftakt zur Zerstörung der Tschechoslowakei und der Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Okkupationspolitik. Es dynamisierte bestehende Revisionsansprüche und konfrontierte alle europäischen Mächte mit der Herausforderung des Hitler-Regimes, das Europa schon 1938 an den Rand eines Krieges getrieben hatte. Im vorliegenden Band analysieren Historiker aus Deutschland, Tschechien, der Slowakei, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Polen, Ungarn und Russland die europäischen Zusammenhänge des Münchener Abkommens über den engeren deutsch-tschechoslowakischen Kontext hinaus. Mit Beiträgen von Jaromir Balcar, Josef Becker, Christoph Boyer, Detlef Brandes, Valerián Bystrický, Patricia Dogliani, Angela Hermann, Peter Krüger, Zdenko Marsálek, Peter Neville, Jörg Osterloh, Ignac Romcics, Michal Schvarc, Sergej Slutsch, Vít Smetana, Georges-Henri Soutou, Christoph Studt, Joachim Tauber, Emil Vorácek, Jürgen Zarusky, Stanislav Zerko, Volker Zimmermann, Martin Zückert

Linguistic theories often suffer from the dilemma that their explanatory power is based on extra-linguistic assumptions. The book delineates the essence of linguistic theory and linguistic explanation and, in doing so, proposes a solution to the dilemma. Simultaneously, the book is one of the first attempts to profile the philosophy of linguistics as a distinct sub-discipline of the contemporary philosophy of science.