Pathological Staging and Grading of Cancer and Non-Cancer

Staging and grading of cancer (malignant tumours) and the accuracy of allocation a certain tumour a proper stage and grade requires experience and mindful examination of tumour tissue both macroscopically (grossly) and microscopically with good use of measurements. The pathologist should be equipped by a lot of anatomical, radiological and clinical data. Staging and grading of patient's tumour tissue is crucial in further treatment either surgically or non-surgically using chemotherapy, radiotherapy or more advanced treatments including immune modulation therapies and genetic-related new treatments to approach cure or control of tumour growth and minimise patient's mortality and morbidity. In this book I tried to simplify the hugely complex pathological staging system of TNM and tumour grading, aiming at giving the reader an easy tool to apply the most up to date staging and grading without need to read complex textbooks. Non-neoplastic diseases Staging and grading are also added. Osama Sharaf Eldin, Northern Ireland, UK, 2021.