Origin of Oughtness

How come we ought to do things? How come that some of our action alternatives come with a practical relevance ¿ oughtness ¿ that others lack? What is the origin of oughtness? This investigation analyzes and evaluates four different answers, as presented by Halbig (2007), Schroeder (2007), Stemmer (2006), and Scanlon (2014). Drawing on the insights from this evaluation, it develops a new desire-based theory of oughtness: metaethical conativism.