Books published by Springer Nature Singapore

1. Microcomputers.- Hardware.- Interfacing with the Outside World.- Software.- 2. Data Acquisition in the Laboratory.- The Measurement Process.- Gas Chromatography: A Case Study.- Heat Penetration Tests: A Case Study.- 3. Computer Control in the Food Processing Plant.- Review of Process Control Systems.- Control System Configurations.- Benefits of Computer-based Control Systems.- System Specification and Vendor Selection.- Industry Case Studies.- 4. On-Line Control of Unit Operations.- General Concepts.- Thermal Processing of Canned Foods.- Ultrahigh Temperature Process Control for Aseptic Systems.- Multiefiect Evaporation in Juice Concentration.- Fermentation Process Control.- Computer Control in Bin Drying Operations.- 5. Process Modeling and Simulation.- Thermal Processing: A Case Study.- Freezing.- Drying.- Other Unit Operations.- Computer-aided Design in Process Flowsheets.- Training Requirements.- 6. Process Optimization.- Elements of Optimization Theory.- Steady-State Optimization in Thermal Processing.- Dynamic Optimization in Thermal Processing.- Optimum Container Geometry in Thermal Processing.- Other Applications of Optimization to Heat Processing.- Optimization in Food Dehydration.

1 A History of the Seafood Industry.- The Fish-Curing Industry.- Fish Canning.- The Shrimp Fishery.- Canning Oysters, Clams, and Crabs.- The Fish Canning Industry.- The Haddock Fishery.- Early Pacific Fisheries.- The Menhaden Fishery.- The Whaling Industry.- An Overview of Our Heritage.- 2 Harvesting Techniques.- Classification of Harvesting Techniques.- Nets.- Trap and Pot Gear.- Hook-and-Line Fishing.- Shellfish Dredging and Scooping Gear.- Miscellaneous and Experimental Gear.- 3 Groundfish.- The Cod Family.- Hake.- Pollock.- Halibut.- Sablefish.- Other Species.- East Coast Groundfish.- East Coast Fishing Industry: A Historical Perspective.- West Coast Fishing Industry: A Historical Perspective.- 4 Pelagic Fish.- Physical Adaptation.- Musculature.- Methods of Capture.- Preservation.- Nutritional Value.- Labeling.- Quality Factors.- 5 Shellfish-Mollusks.- Natural History.- Feeding.- The Mollusk and Public Health.- Conservation Regulations.- Major Commercial Species.- 6 Shellfish-Crustaceans.- Crabs.- Shrimp.- Lobsters.- 7 Miscellaneous and Underutilized Species.- Need for Exploitation.- Tradition and Consumer Acceptance.- Miscellaneous Underutilized Species.- Development Projects.- 8 Processing Finfish.- Mince.- Surimi.- Surimi Manufacturing Procedures for White-Fleshed Fish.- The Surimi Production Plant.- Surimi Based on Dark-Fleshed Fish.- Batters and Breading.- 9 Processing Mollusks.- Processing for the Live Market.- Processing for the Fresh Market.- Further Processing.- Freezing.- Canning.- Pickled Mollusks.- 10 Processing Crustaceans.- Blue Crab.- Shrimp.- King Crab.- 11 Freshwater Fish.- Current Status.- Other Fisheries.- Markets/Processing.- Composition and Quality.- Selected Species.- 12 Packaging.- Why Package.- Package Selection.- Handling Characteristics of Packaging Materials.- 13 Freezing.- Factors Affecting Frozen Shelf Life.- Storage Temperature.- Packaging.- Thawing.- Temperature Indicators.- 14 Handling of Fresh Fish.- Review of Fish Spoilage.- Temperature Effect.- Bruises and Cuts.- Bacterial Contamination.- Washing and Sanitizing.- 15 Merchandising and Managing a Fresh Seafood Department.- Buying Fresh Seafood.- Display Objectives and Techniques.- Long-Range Planning.- Management Commitment.- Underlying Assumptions.- Profile of a Trade Area.- 16 Nutrition and Preparation.- Major Nutrients.- Trace Minerals.- Vitamins.- Preparation.- Smoking.- Frying.- Poaching.- Steaming.- Microwave Cooking.- 17 Cleaning and Sanitation.- Microbiology and Factors Affecting Microbial Growth.- Principles of a HACCP Program.- Chemistry of Water.- Fundamentals of Cleaning.- Fundamentals of Detergents.- Fundamentals of Sanitation.- Environmental Control in Processing and Packaging.- 18 Aquaculture.- History of Aquaculture.- Types of Aquaculture.- Advantages and Disadvantages of Aquaculture.- Basic Requirements for Aquaculture.- Aquaculture Production.- Culture Systems and Techniques.- Future of Aquaculture.- 19 Waste Treatment and Utilization.- Seafood Wastewater.- Wastewater Guidelines.- Treatment.- Solids Disposal.- Utilization.- Expectations.- 20 Fish Meal and Oil.- Wet Rendering Process.- Production of Fish Meal.- Production of Fish Oil.- Production of Condensed Fish Solubles.- Pollution Control.- Quality Control.- End Uses.- Fish Oil.- 21 Regulations.- Food and Drug Administration.- National Marine Fisheries Service.- Lacey Act.- U.S. Customs.- Other Legislation.- State Regulations.- Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC).- Federal Trade Commission (FTC).- 22 Smoked, Cured, and Dried Fish.- Economic Importance.- Principles of Smoking, Drying, and Curing.- Smoked Fish Processing.- Spoilage and Contamination of Smoked Fish.- Dried Salted Fish.- Government Regulations.- Quality Control.- 23 Transportation, Distribution, and Warehousing.- Transportation.- Distributors That Take Ownership of Product.- Warehousing.

1 Introduction.- Unit 1 Citrus Juice Characteristics.- 2 Brix and Soluble Solids.- 3 Acids in Citrus Juices.- 4 The Brix/Acid Ratio.- 5 Testing of Fruit Samples.- 6 Citrus Oils, Aromas, and Essences.- 7 Citrus Juice Pulp.- 8 Juice Cloud.- 9 Color of Citrus Juices.- 10 Bitterness in Citrus Juices.- 11 Nutritional Content of Citrus Juices.- 12 Citrus Rheology.- 13 Citrus Processing Varieties.- Unit 2 Citrus Juice Sanitation.- 14 Inspections.- 15 Citrus Microbiology.- 16 Insects, Rodents, and Birds.- 17 Physical and Chemical Contamination.- 18 Processing Contamination.- 19 Juice Adulteration.- Unit 3 Citrus Juice By-Products.- 20 Food-Grade Nonjuice Products.- 21 Animal Feed and Fuel By-Products.- 22 Wastes from Citrus Plants.- Unit 4 Citrus Juice Management.- 23 Quality Control Statistics.- 24 Quality Control Management.- 25 Inventory Management.- Appendix A Acid Corrections to the Brix.- Appendix B GWBASIC and RPG Programs.- Appendix C HP-41C Programmable Calculator Programs.- Appendix D Answers to Select Questions and Problems.

1 Markets, Sources, and the Marketing System.- 1. The United States Market for Food.- 2. The United States Market for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.- 3. Sources of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables.- 4. Major Sources of Supply: California, Florida, and Mexico.- 5. The Marketing System and Firms Involved: An Overview.- 6. Marketing Systems for Three Major Fruits and Vegetables: Oranges, Apples, and Tomatoes.- 2 The Marketing Environment.- 7. Market Information: Agricultural Statistics, Grading and Inspection, Market News, and Other Information Sources.- 8. Market Prices and Price Analysis.- 9. Trade Practices, Credit Ratings, and Regulation of Trading (Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act).- 10. Cooperative Marketing.- 11. Marketing Orders.- 12. Pesticide Use and Food Safety.- 13. Nutritional Quality and Nutrition Marketing.- 14. Generic, Brand, and Private Label Advertising and Promotion.- 3 Marketing Operations and Firms.- 15. International Trade.- 16. Shipping Point Operations and Firms.- 17. Long Distance Transportation.- 18. Wholesaling at Destination and Terminal Market Facilities.- 19. Food Retailers and Retailing.- 20. The Foodservice Industry.- 21. Direct Marketing by Farmers to Consumers.- 4 Epilogue.- 22. Future Prospects.

Foreword: Theodore P. Labuza.- Preface: Israel Goldberg.- Contributors.- I. Introduction.- Chapter1. Introduction.- II. Health Attributes of Functional Foods.- Chapter2. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.- Chapter3. Reducing the risk of cancer.- Chapter4. Functional foods in the control of obesity.- Chapter5. Nutrient control of immune function.- Chapter6. Dietary factors modulating the rate of aging.- Chapter7. Mood and performance foods.- Chapter8. Medical foods.- III. Health Functionality of Food Components.- Chapter9. Dietary fiber.- Chapter10. Special physiological functions of newly developed oligosaccharides.- Chapter11. Sugar alcohols.- Chapter12. Amino acids, peptides and proteins.- Chapter13. Vitamins for optimal health.- Chapter14. Lactic acid bacteria as promoters of human health.- Chapter15. Nutrition of macrominerals and trace elements.- Chapter16. Fatty acids.- Chapter17. Phytochemicals and antioxidants.- IV. Market and Competition.- Chapter18. Functional foods in Japan.- Chapter19. The development of the functional food business in the United States and Europe.- Chapter20. The potential role of functional foods in medicine and public health.- Chapter21. The role of marketing communication in the introduction of functional foods to the consumer.- Chapter22. The food industry's role in functional foods.- V. Consumer's Viewpoint.- Chapter23. Consumers' view on functional foods.- VI. Future Prospects.- Chapter24. Future prospects for functional foods.

1. Quality Requirements in the Modern Poultry Industry.- 2. Stunning and Slaughter.- 3. Technological Developments in Pre-slaughter Handling and Processing.- 4. Chilling, Freezing and Thawing.- 5. Influence of Processing on Product Quality and Yield.- 6. Hygiene Problems and Control of Process Contamination.- 7. Microbiological Criteria for Poultry Products.- 8. Further Processing of Poultry.- 9. Utilisation of Turkey Meat in Further-processed Products.- 10. Developments in Enrobed Products.- 11. Treatment and Disposal of Processing Wastes.

1. Heat Treatment of Milk.- 2. Developments in Cream Separation and Processing.- 3. Production of Butter and Dairy Based Spreads.- 4. Drying of Milk and Milk Products.- 5. Protection against Fire and Explosion in Spray Dryers.- 6. Membrane Processing of Milk.- 7. Utilisation of Milk Components: Whey.- 8. Utilisation of Milk Components: Casein.- 9. Automation in the Dairy.

1. Introduction.- 2. Food composition data and data bases.- 3. Initiation and organisation of a food composition data base programme.- 4. The selection of foods.- 5. The selection of nutrients and other components.- 6. Sampling.- 7. Analytical methods for the production of food composition data.- 8. Assuring the quality of analytical data.- 9. Conventions and modes of expression of food composition data.- 10. Quality considerations in the compilation of a food composition data base.- 11. Guidelines for the use of food composition data.- 12. Current needs and future directions.- References.- Appendices 1. Methods of preparation of foods for analysis.- 2. Examples of procedures for the preparation of analytical portions.- 3. Essential booklist for food composition programmes.- 4. Useful addresses for food composition programmes.- 5. Calculation of fatty acids per 100 g food from data for fatty acids per 100 g of total fatty acids.- 6. Calculation of the composition of dishes prepared from recipes.

1 An introduction to expert systems in production andmanufacturing engineering: the structure, development process and applications.- 2 Operations research/artificial intelligence rules for the optimaldesign of manufacturing systems: machine and traffic allocation.- 3 A common skeletal framework for knowledge-based solutions toa representative set of manufacturing problems.- 4 A general purpose knowledge-based system and its application todesign problems.- 5 A knowledge-based system for selection of resource allocationrules and algorithms.- 6 An intelligent shop management system for production supervision.- 7 Intelligent systems for conceptual design of mechanical products.- 8 Knowledge-based surface treatment and coating selection inproduct design.- 9 Expert system for casting design evaluation.- 10 Expert system approaches to the selection of materials handlingand transfer equipment.- 11 A knowledge-based system for scheduling in a flexiblemanufacturing system.- 12 'Optimal' rule switching for flow shops with random workloads.- 13 An expert system approach to surface mount pick-and-placemachine selection.- 14 FIXPERT: a rule-based system for workholding device selectionof rotational parts.- 15 Learning in robotic task planning.- 16 An expert system with an external optimization module forquality control decisions.

1 Introduction.- 2 The Wiggler Field and Electron Dynamics.- 3 Incoherent Undulator Radiation.- 4 Coherent Emission: Linear Theory.- 5 Coherent Emission: Nonlinear Theory.- 6 Sideband Instabilities.- 7 Coherent harmonic Radiation.- 8 Optical Guiding.- 9 OScillator Configurations.- 10 Electromagnetic-wave Wigglers.- 11 Chaos in Free-electron Lasers.- Author Index.

Quotes from prominent publications in the field include: '...provides the information people not too familiar with sensory analysis should be given to fulfill their information needs.' - Food Marketing and Technology. 'The introduction and initial chapter on the usage of sensory analysis provide strong background information for those having to gather support for their sensory programmes and for those needing to understand the importance of their support of such a programme. The list of contributors is impressive, and represents a wide range of practitioners in the field...Those looking to use this book to develop a sensory analysis programme will be pleased...' - Food Science and Technology

1 Patterns and processes in a landscape under stress: the study area.- 1 Patterns and processes in a landscape under stress: the study area.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Landscape types.- 1.3 Modern land use.- 1.4 Spatial relations.- 1.5 Effects of modern land use on natural ecosystems.- 1.6 Nature conservation strategies.- References.- One Spatial Relations by Water Flows.- 2 Nutrient enrichment of freshwater wetlands.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Enlarged inputs: rain, groundwater, surface water.- 2.3 Hydrology and soil conditions as factors controlling nutrient availability.- 2.4 Control of plant growth by nutrient availability.- 2.5 Consequences of nutrient enrichment for species composition.- 2.6 Implications for management.- References.- 3 Linking ecological patterns to hydrological conditions on various spatial scales: case study of small stream valleys.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Landscape analysis on a regional scale.- 3.3 Landscape analysis on a local scale.- 3.4 Evaluation of the hydroecological approach.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 4 Hydroecological modelling in a polder landscape: a tool for wetland management.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Landscape ecological characteristics of polder areas.- 4.3 The data: variables and sampling procedure.- 4.4 Processing the data to a model.- 4.5 Application of the hydroecological model.- 4.6 Discussion and conclusions.- References.- Two Spatial Relations by Air Flows.- 5 Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its impact on terrestrial ecosystems.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Spatial variation in the deposition of nitrogen.- 5.3 Accumulation and mineralization of nitrogen.- 5.4 Effects on the competitive balance between plant populations and the dynamics of species composition.- 5.5 Conclusions.- References.- 6 Ditch banks as a conservation focus in intensively exploited peat farmland.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Effect studies on ditch banks.- 6.3 Model study of the nitrogen balance of banks.- 6.4 Compatibility of ditch-bank management with current dairy farming practice.- 6.5 General discussion and concluding remarks.- References.- Three Spatial Relations by Moving Organisms.- 7 Population responses to landscape fragmentation.- 7.1 Fragmentation in the Dutch landscape.- 7.2 Ecology of spatially structured populations.- 7.3 Observations of fragmented populations.- 7.4 Discussion.- References.- 8 Metapopulation models for impact assessment of fragmentation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Modelling strategy.- 8.3 On the risk of extinction.- 8.4 Winking patches metapopulation models.- 8.5 Structured metapopulaion models.- 8.6 Discussion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Four Methods and Concepts of Landscape Planning.- 9 Landscape planning for nature restoration: comparing regional scenarios.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 A regional case study: the Central Open Space Project.- 9.3 Four scenarios for nature restoration.- 9.4 COSMO, a tool for evaluating the scenarios.- 9.5 Results of the evaluation for nature restoration.- 9.6 Discussion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10 The framework concept and the hydrological landscape structure: a new perspective in the design of multifunctional landscapes.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The hydrological landscape structure.- 10.3 The hydrological landscape structure and land use in the Twente region.- 10.4 A landscape plan for the study area in Twente.- 10.5 Evaluation.- References.- 11 Nature conservation and extraction of drinking water in coastal dunes: the Meijendel area.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Coastal dunes in The Netherlands, landscape ecological structure.- 11.3 The coastal dunes of The Netherlands as an area for the extraction of drinking water.- 11.4 The Meijendel dunes near The Hague: a case study.- 11.5 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 12 Artificial wetlands: a device for restoring natural wetland values.- 12.1 Eutrophication of wetlands.- 12.2 Artificial wetlands for eutrophication control.- 12.3 Eutrophication of wetlands in the Green Heart of Hollan...

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The extent of parasitism.- 1.2 Definitions.- 1.3 The concept of harm.- 1.4 Some adaptations to parasitism.- 1.5 Life cycle and ecology.- >2 Population concepts.- 2.1 Background.- 2.2 General definitions.- 2.3 Factors affecting parasite populations.- 2.4 The dispersion concept.- 2.5 Dynamics of population growth.- 3 Factors influencing parasite populations.- 3.1 Density-independent factors: introduction.- 3.2 Density-independent factors: case histories.- 3.3 Density-dependent factors: introduction.- 3.4 Density-dependent factors: case histories.- 3.5 Suprapopulation dynamics: introduction.- 3.6 Suprapopulation dynamics: case histories.- 4 Influence of parasites on host populations.- 4.1 Introduction to the concept of regulation.- 4.2 Crofton's approach.- 4.3 Overdispersion and regulation: introduction.- 4.4 Overdispersion and regulation: case histories.- 4.5 Epidemiological implications.- 4.6 Models.- 5 Life history strategies.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Reproductive strategies.- 5.3 Colonization strategies.- 5.4 Host behaviour and transmission.- 5.5 Theoretical considerations.- 6 Infracommunity dynamics.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The evolution of parasite communities.- 6.3 Infracommunity structure.- 6.4 The screen/filter concept.- 7 Component and compound communities.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Core-satellite and generalist-specialist species concepts.- 7.3 Determinants of component communities.- 7.4 Habitat variability (succession) and parasitism.- 7.5 The biocoenosis and parasite flow.- 7.6 The allogenic-autogenic species concept.- 8 Biogeographical aspects.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Factors affecting the geographical distribution of parasites.- 8.3 Patterns of distribution.- 8.4 Ecological aspects.- 8.5 Applied aspects of biogeography.- 9 Evolutionary aspects.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Microevolution.- 9.3 Evolution of host-parasite interactions.- 9.4 Parasite influence in the evolutionary biology of the host.- 10 Summary.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Population concepts.- 10.3 Factors influencing parasite populations.- 10.4 Influence of parasites on host populations.- 10.5 Life-history strategies.- 10.6 Infracommunity dynamics.- 10.7 Component and compound communities.- 10.8 Biogeographical aspects.- 10.9 Evolutionary aspects.- 10.10 What next for the evolution and ecology of parasitism?.- References.- Taxonomic host index.- Taxonomic parasite index.

1 Introduction.- 2 A simple factorial grazing experiment measured on 27 occasions.- 3 A 3 × 3 factorial with quantitative levels.- 4 Definable within-individual comparisons.- 5 Covariance.- 6 Pre-treatment observations in the design of experiments.- 7 Weighted regression, goodness-of-fit and related topics.- 8 Environmental variables.- 9 Correlation between series of random variables.- 10 Response (reaction) times.- Bibliographical note.

One Life-history Strategies.- 1 The life strategies of mites.- 2 Life-history evolution of spider mites.- 3 Life-cycle strategies in unpredictably varying environments: genetic adaptations in a colonizing mite.- 4 The evolutionary transformation of osmotic regulation in the life cycle of freshwater mites (Hydrachnidia).- 5 Development and life-history strategies in mussel mites (Hydrachnellae: Unionicolidae).- Two Reproduction.- 6 Spermatology in the Acari: systematic and functional implications.- 7 The distribution, mechanisms and evolutionary significance of parthenogenesis in oribatid mites.- 8 Indirect sperm transfer in prostigmatic mites from a phylogenetic viewpoint.- 9 Spermatophore deposition in relation to atmospheric humidity among terrestrial Parasitengonae (Prostigmata).- 10 The role of Adlerocystis sp. in the reproduction of argasid ticks.- 11 A scanning electron-microscopy study of spermatogenesis in Pergamasus barbarus Berl. (Gamasida.- 12 Precise sex-ratio control in the pseudo-arrhenotokous phytoseiid mite, Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt.- 13 Sex ratio, fitness and capacity for population increase in Pyemotes tritici (L.-F. and M.) (Pyemotidae).- 14 Preliminary observations of ovoviviparity in the gallforming mite, Aceria caulobius (Nal.) (Eriophyidea: Eriophyidae).- 15 Laboratory observations on duration of copulation and egg production of three phytoseiid species fed on pollen.- 16 Precopulatory mate guarding in the spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Tetranychidae).- Three Diapause, Development and Trophic Relations.- 17 Physiological aspects of diapause in plant-inhabiting mites.- 18 Repeated induction and termination of diapause in the predacious mite, Amblyseius potentillae (Garman) (Phytoseiidae).- 19 Inheritance of photoperiodic responses controlling diapause in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch.- 20 Some observations on diapause in winter eggs of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Tetranychidae).- 21 Reproduction, embryonic and postembryonic development of Trichouropoda obscurasimilis Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol 1961 (Anactinotrichida: Uropodina).- 22 Resource allocation and utilization contrasts in Hypoaspis aculeifer (Can.) and Alliphis halleri (G. and R. Can.) (Mesostigmata) with emphasis on food source.- 23 The influence of different host plants on the reproductive potential of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Tyrophagus neiswanderi Johnston and Bruce (Acaridae).- 24 The relationship between house-dust mites and fungi.- 25 How plants maintain body-guards: plant exudate as a food source for phytoseiid mites.- Four Systematic, Morphology, Physiology and Behaviour.- 26 Distribution of characters and phylogenetic age - systematic problems in the higher taxa of the Oribatida.- 27 A new approach to the systematics of the genus Steganacarus (Oribatida).- 28 The morphology of the immature stages of Phthiracaroidea (Oribatida).- 29 A new interpretation of the epimeral theory of Grandjean.- 30 A comparison of the sclerotized parts of the reproductive organs of house-dust mites of the genus Dermatophagoides using scanning electron microscopy.- 31 Reproductive systems in Acaridida - some peculiar features.- 32 A respiratory apparatus in eggs of certain mites.- 33 Fine structure and functions of the mouthparts involved in the feeding mechanisms in Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Tetranychoidea: Tenuipalpidae).- 34 The alveolar salivary glands of the active phases of trombiculid mites (Trombiculidae).- 35 Pigmentation in water mites of the genera Limnochares Latr. and Hydrodroma Koch (Hydrachnidia).- 36 Biomass studies of water mites of the genera Limnochares Latr. and Hydrodroma Koch (Hydrachnidia).- 37 The saltatory capacity of an oribatid mite.- 38 Thanatosis or feigning death in mites of the family Scutacaridae.- Five Field Studies and Applied Aspects.- 39 The effects of spider-mite feeding on plant performance in relation to biological control.- 40 Dispersio...

1 Why use histochemistry for a better understanding of pharmacology and toxicology?.- 2 Whole-body autoradiography of pharmaceuticals and chemicals.- 3 Image analysis, fluorescence and laser microscopy.- 4 The measurement of free calcium to assess cellular function and injury using digital imaging fluorescence microscopy.- 5 Flow cytometry to characterize normal and abnormal cell function.- 6 Quantitative histochemical and cytochemical assays.- 7 Fixation of tissue for histochemistry.- 8 Immunochemical methods to assess cellular malfunction.- 9 Cell markers and processes related to chemically induced carcinogenesis.- 10 The mechanistic basis of chemical- and drug-induced nephrotoxicity.- 11 Pollutant-induced toxicity in the marine environment.

1 Overview of sea anemones.- 2 Nutrition.- 3 Energy metabolism and respiratory gas exchange.- 4 Nitrogen excretion and osmotic balance.- 5 Growth.- 6 Reproduction and population structure.- 7 Biotic interactions.- CODA.- References.- Appendix: Classification of Extant Anthozoans, Particularly Sea Anemones (Actiniaria).

1 Systematics and biogeography: an overview.- 2 The fossil record of the Cyprinidae.- 3 Morphometric investigations in cyprinid biology.- 4 Molecular and cytological investigations.- 5 Cyprinids of Eurasia.- 6 Cyprinids of South East Asia.- 7 Cyprinids of Africa.- 8 Cyprinids of the New World.- 9 Cyprinids of Australasia.- 10 Brain and sensory systems.- 11 Acoustico-lateralis system.- 12 Diets and feeding behavior.- 13 Food capture and oral processing.- 14 Digestion.- 15 Physiological energetics and ecophysiology.- 16 Growth and production.- 17 Reproduction and life history.- 18 Social behaviour, homing and migration.- 19 Interspecific interactions.- 20 The role of cyprinids in ecosystems.- 21 Fisheries.- 22 Aquaculture.- Author index.- Taxonomic index.

1. What is eutrophication?.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Definition and origin of the term eutrophication.- 1.3 Links between eutrophication, biological changes and productivity in lakes.- 1.4 Eutrophication as a natural part of lake succession.- 1.5 Extent of artificial eutrophication.- 1.6 Eutrophication in rivers, estuaries and coastal waters.- 1.7 Measurement of eutrophication.- 2. The nutrients causing eutrophication, and their sources.- 2.1 The requirements of living cells for survival and growth.- 2.2 The important limiting nutrients.- 2.3 The supply of nitrogen and phosphorus to lakes.- 2.4 Relative importance of diffuse and point sources in catchments.- 2.5 Global aspects of nutrient runoff.- 2.6 Methods for estimating the magnitude of nutrient losses from catchments.- 3. The biochemical manifestations of eutrophication.- 3.1 The components of nutrient cycles in aquatic systems.- 3.2 The ultimate sinks of inflowing nitrogen and phosphorus.- 3.3 Changes in the cycles which occur as a consequence of enhanced nutrient inputs.- 3.4 The importance of the littoral zone in nutrient cycles.- 3.5 Seasonal patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in lakes.- 3.6 Important features of nutrient transformations in rivers and estuaries.- 4. The biological effects of eutrophication.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Production and species changes of algae and rnacrophytes.- 4.3 Effects of eutrophication upon rnacrophytes and attached algae.- 4.4 Production and species changes in zooplankton.- 4.5 Production and species changes of zoobenthos.- 4.6 Effects of eutrophication on fish and other vertebrates.- 4.7 Aquatic food-web considerations.- 4.8 Wider implications for wildlife and conservation.- 5. The engineering, economic and social effects of eutrophication.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Water supply.- 5.3 Fisheries management.- 5.4 Land drainage and weed control in rivers.- 5.5 Wildlife conservation.- 5.6 Public health hazards and nuisances.- 5.7 Other recreational aspects.- 6. Prediction and modelling of the causes and effects of eutrophication.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Experimental approaches to measures of eutrophication effects.- 6.3 The application of models in eutrophication assessment and prediction.- 6.4 Caution in the use of regression equations.- 6.5 Lake classification based on correlations and large data sets.- 6.6 Other lake classification indices.- 6.7 Dynamic models of lake ecosystems.- 6.8 Prediction without models.- 7. The reduction of causes and the management of effects of eutrophication.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Reduction of nutrient inputs to lakes.- 7.3 Evaluation of nutrient control measures.- 7.4 Control of nutrient concentrations within lakes.- 7.5 Management of lakes without nutrient reduction.- 8. A case study in restoration: shallow eutrophic lakes in the Norfolk Broads.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Historical perspective.- 8.3 Eutrophication of the Broads.- 8.4 Mechanisms of change.- 8.5 Effects of change.- 8.6 Restoration of Broadland.- 8.7 Lake sediment as a source of phosphorus.- 8.8 Changes in the storage of phosphorus in lake sediment following phosphorus control.- 8.9 Biological response to reduced nutrient loading.- 8.10 Nutrient reduction by isolation.- 8.11 Sediment removal and lake isolation.- 8.12 Biomanipulation as a restoration technique.- 8.13 The restoration of Broadland in the context of two stable communities.- References.

One Patterns.- 1 Habitat structure: the evolution and diversification of a complex topic.- 1.1 'Habitat structure' in ecology.- 1.2 A graphical model of 'habitat structure'.- 2 Development of habitat structure through succession in an Amazonian floodplain forest.- 2.1 Riparian primary succession in upper Amazonia: an overview.- 2.2 Methods.- 2.3 Results.- 2.4 Discussion.- 2.5 Conclusions.- 3 Habitat diversity and the species-area relationship: alternative models and tests.- 3.1 Alternative models of the species-area relationship.- 3.2 Protocols for the separation of causal mechanisms.- 3.3 Conclusions.- 4 Fractal geometry of ecological habitats.- 4.1 The geometry of simple fractals.- 4.2 Self-similarity and ways of estimating fractal dimensions.- 4.3 Ecological consequences of fractals.- 4.4 Size distributions.- 4.5 Range distributions.- 4.6 Abundance distributions.- 4.7 The reddened spectrum.- 4.8 Conclusions.- 5 The effect of habitat structure on the spatial distribution of freshwater invertebrate populations.- 5.1 Zooplankton.- 5.2 Profundal benthos.- 5.3 Littoral benthic invertebrates.- 5.4 Unionid mussels in the sandy littoral zone.- 5.5 Conclusions.- Two Responses: colonization, succession, resource use.- 6 Habitat structure and morphological patterns in arboreal vertebrates.- 6.1 Habitat structure and locomotion.- 6.2 Locomotion and morphology.- 6.3 Conclusions.- 7 Microtopography as habitat structure for mosses on rocks.- 7.1 The advantage of simplicity.- 7.2 Scheme for functional analysis.- 7.3 Quantifying habitat structure.- 7.4 Correlating habitat structure and community structure.- 7.5 Correlation of habitat structure and resource availability.- 7.6 The functional link between habitat and community structure.- 7.7 Conclusions.- 8 The effects of changes in habitat structure during succession in terrestrial communities.- 8.1 Changes in habitat structure during succession.- 8.2 Effects of changing habitat structure on associated organisms.- 8.3 Conclusions.- 9 Influence of patch size, vegetation texture, and host plant architecture on the diversity, abundance, and life history styles of sap-feeding herbivores.- 9.1 Responses of insect herbivores to vegetation texture and architectural complexity: an overview.- 9.2 Species-area relationships for sap-feeders.- 9.3 Sap-feeder abundance and patch size.- 9.4 Abundance-area relationships explained by life-history characteristics.- 9.5 Host plant density and vegetation diversity.- 9.6 Architectural complexity and sap-feeder richness.- 9.7 Architectural complexity, habitat persistence and sap-feeder life histories.- 9.8 Other considerations.- 9.9 Conclusions.- 10 Habitat structure and recruitment in coral reef fishes.- 10.1 Segregation of fish species among habitats.- 10.2 Recruitment of reef fishes.- 10.3 Habitat responses at settlement.- 10.4 Variability in recruitment.- 10.5 Habitat structure and the structure of reef fish assemblages.- 10.6 Conclusions.- 11 Habitat structure and community dynamics in marine benthic systems.- 11.1 Examples from marine benthic systems.- 11.2 Processes connecting habitat structure and community dynamics.- Three Responses: predation, parasitism, disturbance.- 12 The influence of fire periodicity on habitat structure.- 12.1 The ecology of fire.- 12.2 Effects of fire on habitat heterogeneity and plant structure.- 12.3 Post-fire habitat structure and mechanisms of regeneration.- 12.4 Post-fire animal responses to vegetation structure.- 12.5 Case studies.- 12.6 Conclusions.- 13 A new look at habitat structure: consequences of herbivore-modified plant architecture.- 13.1 How herbivores influence plant architecture.- 13.2 Consequences for plants of architecture modified as a result of herbivory.- 13.3 Consequences for herbivores of architecture modified as a result of herbivory.- 13.4 Herbivore-modified architecture and the evolution of plant form.- 13.5 Conclusions.- 14 Habitat structure and predator-prey interactions in vegetated aquatic syste...

1 Botany.- 2 The cultivated hop.- 3 Production methods.- 4 Harvesting.- 5 Pests and diseases: historical review.- 6 Pests.- 7 Fungal diseases.- 8 Virus diseases.- 9 Varieties and breeding.- 10 The hop trade.- References.

1 Introduction: cell-cell signalling by cytoplasmic bridges.- 2 The first messengers - hormones, neurotransmitters and local mediators.- 3 Structure and biosynthesis of first messengers.- 4 Ionic homeostasis and nervous conduction.- 5 Cell biology of first messenger synthesis and secretion.- 6 Cell surface receptors - analysis and identification.- 7 Cell surface receptors - signal transduction.- 8 Cell surface receptors - protein phosphorylation and other intracellular events.- 9 Regulation of cell proliferation and cancer.- 10 Signal transduction by nuclear receptors.

1 The nature of lipids and their place in living things.- 2 Isolation, separation and detection of lipids.- 3 Fatty acid structure and metabolism.- 4 Lipids as energy stores.- 5 Dietary lipids: implications for health and disease.- 6 Lipids in cellular structures.- 7 Metabolism of structural lipids.- 8 Lipid functions.

With recent advances in multimedia technology, on-line libraries of digital images are assuming an ever increasing relevance within a wide range of information systems. Effective access to these archives requires not only conventional searching techniques based on keywords, but also content-based queries which allow visual features of data to be searched. This new comprehensive reference introduces the intricate science of implementing image modeling and retrieval based on the shape, on the color and texture, or on the spatial arrangement of imaged objects. Building on this introduction, six chapters by major research groups in the field detail and compare different modeling approaches.